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<<0<"E<]h<0Æ<÷<%ù<= 6=D=ŽQAàDøDE]%EƒFŸF¶FÈFàFóFQG+VKŸ ‚K"YA/YòqYd[î„]Ïs`kCb¯fIÀi× o‰âs$lzª‘}æ<ô#€y„’‡ž‡®‡¥¾‡dŒ7vs®”à"¤¥u¨[‹©TçªM<¬$Š¯í¯°J²è´¹ »Ï»Û»»÷¼³½Ê½êæ½%ÑÁ%÷ÁÂ?4Â!tÃ–Ã%µÃ'ÛÃ.Ä 2Ä<ÄMÄ!]ÄÄ •Ä£Äm¯ÄéÅ8È@ÐŸÎÑŠnÓ<ùÓ, 6ÔÅcÝ)ßf0ß—ßê¬ß—ãéªç‹”èž ëm¿îm-òf›ôwöbzøiÝø¿Gù ûw(ý ýýMÊý™«²î^uMðÃÊ´!Z'7Ú'(ü,())8)D)^)w))À )Oa+±+(Ã+%ì+$,T7,`Œ,^í-0L.p}4wî4f55š5«5[Ä5 8|88'µ84Ý89/9 L9í;ý=>“5?ÉBáBÿBC'C3AC@uCB¶C'ùC0!D)RDJ|D6ÇDþD#E1AE@sEE´E7úE#2FMVF¤F°F&ÈF)ïFG.G@G UG2`G3“GMÇG!Hµ7H íH7÷H!/IQIhcI/ÌI\üIBYJ*œJ@ÇJ>K<GKC„K6ÈK=ÿK9=L6wL4®LQãLF5MO|M9ÌMDNKN,_N,ŒN\¹N>OUO*iO ”ODµO±úO,¬P,ÙPQ*Q*BQ<mQ ªQ2¸QKëQE7R }RžR½R0ÔRS+SAS]S${S2 SEÓS;TFUTœTG³TûT#U(U3>UrUC‡UËUOÏUV-=V(kV5”V7ÊVVWFYWD W8åWGXLfX6³X.êX0Y4JY`YnàYOZeZ}Z?‘Z~ÑZ*P[){[¥['Å[í[.\#7\[\!r\-”\NÂ\]V.]œ…]"^!@^b^ o^y^)˜^Â^Ñ^ã^-ð^M_Nl_v»_;2`bn`%Ñ`$÷`)a&Fa"ma>a Ïaðaƒ b'Žb=¶bôbc7"c:ZcM•cãc]ócQdxcdjÜdSGe›e%¯e,Õe/f"2fUfhf †ffd¥f7 gGBg;ŠgJÆg h>2hEqh<·h;ôh0i AiDLi]‘i5ïi:%j<`j9j ×jáj$îj,k(@kikƒkk8Ÿk^Øk#7l$[lD€lÅl<ßl7m8Tm$m6²mémnn6nÃÑ\.Á£Ø>¤Ÿ1$ÓÏ“Æ(ƒ›«L³Ú_¯üâV«ÛâDo4awàôðBd‡^a}ŒU¡ œxïõAnŒ²Š›×á¦Î“w§ ·k’º=Cæ_=[¹ªÂÿ,@EoLòåÙô™‰GÎíHnA©…WÉ?Éö.ù¸åfsHzïÂáè|Jê<^ÄI¢¶Gäþ<øVÚÞÛ¢pÀ»–š)Ü´û„'!Ì®]„ý`góEÇ2~&ÔQ8îó9ùiñø;U,{Óºðk5vª/Ü÷¹¿bü—O÷¨Ž–B”"'ñÊçÐ¾Þ2r Åt¿Ê°‹`Ë²ÝõZ´#]ß-i0ÿ*XÈ *ˆ[¥}MÔNXKßŸìY§¨ËTs¼‚lµ‹y³N9°†œ‘ä™¥-ãµÒ Yò8¡·{ìPƒ|¸È35(’ ~gç‰jÍ¦trSq\€F×c+¶ã!é)fˆ‘d»3ú¤zëÌDÆ—©/é¼ÇšÑ‚ž½MÕ˜ZÃR;ÀpÖ?•Ùèû±timed out waiting for input: auto-logout -%s or -o option -irsD or -c command or -O shopt_option (invocation only) malloc: %s:%d: assertion botched (wd: %s) (core dumped) line $%s: cannot assign in this way%c%c: invalid option%d: invalid file descriptor: %s%s can be invoked via %s is %s %s is a function %s is a shell builtin %s is a shell keyword %s is aliased to `%s' %s is hashed (%s) %s is not bound to any keys. %s out of range%s%s%s: %s (error token is "%s")%s: %s out of range%s: %s: bad interpreter%s: %s: must use subscript when assigning associative array%s: ambiguous job spec%s: ambiguous redirect%s: arguments must be process or job IDs%s: bad network path specification%s: bad substitution%s: binary operator expected%s: cannot assign list to array member%s: cannot assign to non-numeric index%s: cannot convert associative to indexed array%s: cannot convert indexed to associative array%s: cannot create: %s%s: cannot delete: %s%s: cannot destroy array variables in this way%s: cannot execute binary file%s: cannot execute: %s%s: cannot get limit: %s%s: cannot modify limit: %s%s: cannot open temp file: %s%s: cannot open: %s%s: cannot overwrite existing file%s: cannot read: %s%s: cannot unset%s: cannot unset: readonly %s%s: command not found%s: error retrieving current directory: %s: %s %s: expression error %s: file is too large%s: file not found%s: first non-whitespace character is not `"'%s: hash table empty %s: history expansion failed%s: host unknown%s: illegal option -- %c %s: inlib failed%s: integer expression expected%s: invalid action name%s: invalid array origin%s: invalid associative array key%s: invalid callback quantum%s: invalid file descriptor specification%s: invalid limit argument%s: invalid line count%s: invalid option%s: invalid option name%s: invalid service%s: invalid shell option name%s: invalid signal specification%s: invalid timeout specification%s: is a directory%s: job %d already in background%s: job has terminated%s: line %d: %s: missing colon separator%s: no completion specification%s: no job control%s: no such job%s: not a function%s: not a regular file%s: not a shell builtin%s: not an array variable%s: not dynamically loaded%s: not found%s: numeric argument required%s: option requires an argument%s: option requires an argument -- %c %s: parameter null or not set%s: readonly function%s: readonly variable%s: restricted%s: restricted: cannot redirect output%s: restricted: cannot specify `/' in command names%s: substring expression < 0%s: unary operator expected%s: unbound variable%s: usage: (( expression ))(core dumped) (wd now: %s) . filename [arguments]/dev/(tcp|udp)/host/port not supported without networking/tmp must be a valid directory name:ABORT instructionAborting...Add directories to stack. Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories. Options: -n Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories to the stack, so only the stack is manipulated. Arguments: +N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero) is at the top. -N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero) is at the top. dir Adds DIR to the directory stack at the top, making it the new current working directory. The `dirs' builtin displays the directory stack. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid argument is supplied or the directory change fails.Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories. Options: -n Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories to the stack, so only the stack is manipulated. Arguments: +N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero) is at the top. -N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero) is at the top. dir Adds DIR to the directory stack at the top, making it the new current working directory. The `dirs' builtin displays the directory stack.Alarm (profile)Alarm (virtual)Alarm clockArithmetic for loop. Equivalent to (( EXP1 )) while (( EXP2 )); do COMMANDS (( EXP3 )) done EXP1, EXP2, and EXP3 are arithmetic expressions. If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed.BPT trace/trapBad system callBogus signalBroken pipeBus errorCPU limitChange the shell working directory. Change the current directory to DIR. The default DIR is the value of the HOME shell variable. The variable CDPATH defines the search path for the directory containing DIR. Alternative directory names in CDPATH are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name is the same as the current directory. If DIR begins with a slash (/), then CDPATH is not used. If the directory is not found, and the shell option `cdable_vars' is set, the word is assumed to be a variable name. If that variable has a value, its value is used for DIR. Options: -L force symbolic links to be followed -P use the physical directory structure without following symbolic links The default is to follow symbolic links, as if `-L' were specified. Exit Status: Returns 0 if the directory is changed; non-zero otherwise.Child death or stopCommon shell variable names and usage. BASH_VERSION Version information for this Bash. CDPATH A colon-separated list of directories to search for directories given as arguments to `cd'. GLOBIGNORE A colon-separated list of patterns describing filenames to be ignored by pathname expansion. HISTFILE The name of the file where your command history is stored. HISTFILESIZE The maximum number of lines this file can contain. HISTSIZE The maximum number of history lines that a running shell can access. HOME The complete pathname to your login directory. HOSTNAME The name of the current host. HOSTTYPE The type of CPU this version of Bash is running under. IGNOREEOF Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an EOF character as the sole input. If set, then the value of it is the number of EOF characters that can be seen in a row on an empty line before the shell will exit (default 10). When unset, EOF signifies the end of input. MACHTYPE A string describing the current system Bash is running on. MAILCHECK How often, in seconds, Bash checks for new mail. MAILPATH A colon-separated list of filenames which Bash checks for new mail. OSTYPE The version of Unix this version of Bash is running on. PATH A colon-separated list of directories to search when looking for commands. PROMPT_COMMAND A command to be executed before the printing of each primary prompt. PS1 The primary prompt string. PS2 The secondary prompt string. PWD The full pathname of the current directory. SHELLOPTS A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. TERM The name of the current terminal type. TIMEFORMAT The output format for timing statistics displayed by the `time' reserved word. auto_resume Non-null means a command word appearing on a line by itself is first looked for in the list of currently stopped jobs. If found there, that job is foregrounded. A value of `exact' means that the command word must exactly match a command in the list of stopped jobs. A value of `substring' means that the command word must match a substring of the job. Any other value means that the command must be a prefix of a stopped job. histchars Characters controlling history expansion and quick substitution. The first character is the history substitution character, usually `!'. The second is the `quick substitution' character, usually `^'. The third is the `history comment' character, usually `#'. HISTIGNORE A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which commands should be saved on the history list. ContinueCopyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.Create a coprocess named NAME. Execute COMMAND asynchronously, with the standard output and standard input of the command connected via a pipe to file descriptors assigned to indices 0 and 1 of an array variable NAME in the executing shell. The default NAME is "COPROC". Exit Status: Returns the exit status of COMMAND.Define local variables. Create a local variable called NAME, and give it VALUE. OPTION can be any option accepted by `declare'. Local variables can only be used within a function; they are visible only to the function where they are defined and its children. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied, an error occurs, or the shell is not executing a function.Define or display aliases. Without arguments, `alias' prints the list of aliases in the reusable form `alias NAME=VALUE' on standard output. Otherwise, an alias is defined for each NAME whose VALUE is given. A trailing space in VALUE causes the next word to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. Options: -p Print all defined aliases in a reusable format Exit Status: alias returns true unless a NAME is supplied for which no alias has been defined.Define shell function. Create a shell function named NAME. When invoked as a simple command, NAME runs COMMANDs in the calling shell's context. When NAME is invoked, the arguments are passed to the function as $1...$n, and the function's name is in $FUNCNAME. Exit Status: Returns success unless NAME is readonly.Display directory stack. Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories find their way onto the list with the `pushd' command; you can get back up through the list with the `popd' command. Options: -c clear the directory stack by deleting all of the elements -l do not print tilde-prefixed versions of directories relative to your home directory -p print the directory stack with one entry per line -v print the directory stack with one entry per line prefixed with its position in the stack Arguments: +N Displays the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. -N Displays the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs.Display information about builtin commands. Displays brief summaries of builtin commands. If PATTERN is specified, gives detailed help on all commands matching PATTERN, otherwise the list of help topics is printed. Options: -d output short description for each topic -m display usage in pseudo-manpage format -s output only a short usage synopsis for each topic matching PATTERN Arguments: PATTERN Pattern specifiying a help topic Exit Status: Returns success unless PATTERN is not found or an invalid option is given.Display information about command type. For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a command name. Options: -a display all locations containing an executable named NAME; includes aliases, builtins, and functions, if and only if the `-p' option is not also used -f suppress shell function lookup -P force a PATH search for each NAME, even if it is an alias, builtin, or function, and returns the name of the disk file that would be executed -p returns either the name of the disk file that would be executed, or nothing if `type -t NAME' would not return `file'. -t output a single word which is one of `alias', `keyword', `function', `builtin', `file' or `', if NAME is an alias, shell reserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or not found, respectively Arguments: NAME Command name to be interpreted. Exit Status: Returns success if all of the NAMEs are found; fails if any are not found.Display or execute commands from the history list. fc is used to list or edit and re-execute commands from the history list. FIRST and LAST can be numbers specifying the range, or FIRST can be a string, which means the most recent command beginning with that string. Options: -e ENAME select which editor to use. Default is FCEDIT, then EDITOR, then vi -l list lines instead of editing -n omit line numbers when listing -r reverse the order of the lines (newest listed first) With the `fc -s [pat=rep ...] [command]' format, COMMAND is re-executed after the substitution OLD=NEW is performed. A useful alias to use with this is r='fc -s', so that typing `r cc' runs the last command beginning with `cc' and typing `r' re-executes the last command. Exit Status: Returns success or status of executed command; non-zero if an error occurs.Display or manipulate the history list. Display the history list with line numbers, prefixing each modified entry with a `*'. An argument of N lists only the last N entries. Options: -c clear the history list by deleting all of the entries -d offset delete the history entry at offset OFFSET. -a append history lines from this session to the history file -n read all history lines not already read from the history file -r read the history file and append the contents to the history list -w write the current history to the history file and append them to the history list -p perform history expansion on each ARG and display the result without storing it in the history list -s append the ARGs to the history list as a single entry If FILENAME is given, it is used as the history file. Otherwise, if $HISTFILE has a value, that is used, else ~/.bash_history. If the $HISTTIMEFORMAT variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string for strftime(3) to print the time stamp associated with each displayed history entry. No time stamps are printed otherwise. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or an error occurs.Display or set file mode mask. Sets the user file-creation mask to MODE. If MODE is omitted, prints the current value of the mask. If MODE begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is a symbolic mode string like that accepted by chmod(1). Options: -p if MODE is omitted, output in a form that may be reused as input -S makes the output symbolic; otherwise an octal number is output Exit Status: Returns success unless MODE is invalid or an invalid option is given.Display possible completions depending on the options. Intended to be used from within a shell function generating possible completions. If the optional WORD argument is supplied, matches against WORD are generated. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs.Display process times. Prints the accumulated user and system times for the shell and all of its child processes. Exit Status: Always succeeds.Display status of jobs. Lists the active jobs. JOBSPEC restricts output to that job. Without options, the status of all active jobs is displayed. Options: -l lists process IDs in addition to the normal information -n list only processes that have changed status since the last notification -p lists process IDs only -r restrict output to running jobs -s restrict output to stopped jobs If -x is supplied, COMMAND is run after all job specifications that appear in ARGS have been replaced with the process ID of that job's process group leader. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or an error occurs. If -x is used, returns the exit status of COMMAND.Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories find their way onto the list with the `pushd' command; you can get back up through the list with the `popd' command. Options: -c clear the directory stack by deleting all of the elements -l do not print tilde-prefixed versions of directories relative to your home directory -p print the directory stack with one entry per line -v print the directory stack with one entry per line prefixed with its position in the stack Arguments: +N Displays the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. -N Displays the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero.DoneDone(%d)EMT instructionEnable and disable shell builtins. Enables and disables builtin shell commands. Disabling allows you to execute a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin without using a full pathname. Options: -a print a list of builtins showing whether or not each is enabled -n disable each NAME or display a list of disabled builtins -p print the list of builtins in a reusable format -s print only the names of Posix `special' builtins Options controlling dynamic loading: -f Load builtin NAME from shared object FILENAME -d Remove a builtin loaded with -f Without options, each NAME is enabled. To use the `test' found in $PATH instead of the shell builtin version, type `enable -n test'. Exit Status: Returns success unless NAME is not a shell builtin or an error occurs.Evaluate arithmetic expression. The EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules for arithmetic evaluation. Equivalent to "let EXPRESSION". Exit Status: Returns 1 if EXPRESSION evaluates to 0; returns 0 otherwise.Evaluate arithmetic expressions. Evaluate each ARG as an arithmetic expression. Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. The following list of operators is grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. id++, id-- variable post-increment, post-decrement ++id, --id variable pre-increment, pre-decrement -, + unary minus, plus !, ~ logical and bitwise negation ** exponentiation *, /, % multiplication, division, remainder +, - addition, subtraction <<, >> left and right bitwise shifts <=, >=, <, > comparison ==, != equality, inequality & bitwise AND ^ bitwise XOR | bitwise OR && logical AND || logical OR expr ? expr : expr conditional operator =, *=, /=, %=, +=, -=, <<=, >>=, &=, ^=, |= assignment Shell variables are allowed as operands. The name of the variable is replaced by its value (coerced to a fixed-width integer) within an expression. The variable need not have its integer attribute turned on to be used in an expression. Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules above. Exit Status: If the last ARG evaluates to 0, let returns 1; let returns 0 otherwise..Evaluate conditional expression. Exits with a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evaluation of EXPR. Expressions may be unary or binary. Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file. There are string operators as well, and numeric comparison operators. File operators: -a FILE True if file exists. -b FILE True if file is block special. -c FILE True if file is character special. -d FILE True if file is a directory. -e FILE True if file exists. -f FILE True if file exists and is a regular file. -g FILE True if file is set-group-id. -h FILE True if file is a symbolic link. -L FILE True if file is a symbolic link. -k FILE True if file has its `sticky' bit set. -p FILE True if file is a named pipe. -r FILE True if file is readable by you. -s FILE True if file exists and is not empty. -S FILE True if file is a socket. -t FD True if FD is opened on a terminal. -u FILE True if the file is set-user-id. -w FILE True if the file is writable by you. -x FILE True if the file is executable by you. -O FILE True if the file is effectively owned by you. -G FILE True if the file is effectively owned by your group. -N FILE True if the file has been modified since it was last read. FILE1 -nt FILE2 True if file1 is newer than file2 (according to modification date). FILE1 -ot FILE2 True if file1 is older than file2. FILE1 -ef FILE2 True if file1 is a hard link to file2. String operators: -z STRING True if string is empty. -n STRING STRING True if string is not empty. STRING1 = STRING2 True if the strings are equal. STRING1 != STRING2 True if the strings are not equal. STRING1 < STRING2 True if STRING1 sorts before STRING2 lexicographically. STRING1 > STRING2 True if STRING1 sorts after STRING2 lexicographically. Other operators: -o OPTION True if the shell option OPTION is enabled. ! EXPR True if expr is false. EXPR1 -a EXPR2 True if both expr1 AND expr2 are true. EXPR1 -o EXPR2 True if either expr1 OR expr2 is true. arg1 OP arg2 Arithmetic tests. OP is one of -eq, -ne, -lt, -le, -gt, or -ge. Arithmetic binary operators return true if ARG1 is equal, not-equal, less-than, less-than-or-equal, greater-than, or greater-than-or-equal than ARG2. Exit Status: Returns success if EXPR evaluates to true; fails if EXPR evaluates to false or an invalid argument is given.Evaluate conditional expression. This is a synonym for the "test" builtin, but the last argument must be a literal `]', to match the opening `['.Execute a simple command or display information about commands. Runs COMMAND with ARGS suppressing shell function lookup, or display information about the specified COMMANDs. Can be used to invoke commands on disk when a function with the same name exists. Options: -p use a default value for PATH that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities -v print a description of COMMAND similar to the `type' builtin -V print a more verbose description of each COMMAND Exit Status: Returns exit status of COMMAND, or failure if COMMAND is not found.Execute arguments as a shell command. Combine ARGs into a single string, use the result as input to the shell, and execute the resulting commands. Exit Status: Returns exit status of command or success if command is null.Execute commands as long as a test does not succeed. Expand and execute COMMANDS as long as the final command in the `until' COMMANDS has an exit status which is not zero. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed.Execute commands as long as a test succeeds. Expand and execute COMMANDS as long as the final command in the `while' COMMANDS has an exit status of zero. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed.Execute commands based on conditional. The `if COMMANDS' list is executed. If its exit status is zero, then the `then COMMANDS' list is executed. Otherwise, each `elif COMMANDS' list is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding `then COMMANDS' list is executed and the if command completes. Otherwise, the `else COMMANDS' list is executed, if present. The exit status of the entire construct is the exit status of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed.Execute commands based on pattern matching. Selectively execute COMMANDS based upon WORD matching PATTERN. The `|' is used to separate multiple patterns. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed.Execute commands for each member in a list. The `for' loop executes a sequence of commands for each member in a list of items. If `in WORDS ...;' is not present, then `in "$@"' is assumed. For each element in WORDS, NAME is set to that element, and the COMMANDS are executed. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed.Execute commands from a file in the current shell. Read and execute commands from FILENAME in the current shell. The entries in $PATH are used to find the directory containing FILENAME. If any ARGUMENTS are supplied, they become the positional parameters when FILENAME is executed. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed in FILENAME; fails if FILENAME cannot be read.Execute conditional command. Returns a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the conditional expression EXPRESSION. Expressions are composed of the same primaries used by the `test' builtin, and may be combined using the following operators: ( EXPRESSION ) Returns the value of EXPRESSION ! EXPRESSION True if EXPRESSION is false; else false EXPR1 && EXPR2 True if both EXPR1 and EXPR2 are true; else false EXPR1 || EXPR2 True if either EXPR1 or EXPR2 is true; else false When the `==' and `!=' operators are used, the string to the right of the operator is used as a pattern and pattern matching is performed. When the `=~' operator is used, the string to the right of the operator is matched as a regular expression. The && and || operators do not evaluate EXPR2 if EXPR1 is sufficient to determine the expression's value. Exit Status: 0 or 1 depending on value of EXPRESSION.Execute shell builtins. Execute SHELL-BUILTIN with arguments ARGs without performing command lookup. This is useful when you wish to reimplement a shell builtin as a shell function, but need to execute the builtin within the function. Exit Status: Returns the exit status of SHELL-BUILTIN, or false if SHELL-BUILTIN is not a shell builtin..Exit %dExit a login shell. Exits a login shell with exit status N. Returns an error if not executed in a login shell.Exit for, while, or until loops. Exit a FOR, WHILE or UNTIL loop. If N is specified, break N enclosing loops. Exit Status: The exit status is 0 unless N is not greater than or equal to 1.Exit the shell. Exits the shell with a status of N. If N is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed.File limitFloating point exceptionFormats and prints ARGUMENTS under control of the FORMAT. Options: -v var assign the output to shell variable VAR rather than display it on the standard output FORMAT is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output; character escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output; and format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive argument. In addition to the standard format specifications described in printf(1) and printf(3), printf interprets: %b expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding argument %q quote the argument in a way that can be reused as shell input Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or a write or assignment error occurs.GNU bash, version %s (%s) GNU bash, version %s-(%s) GNU long options: Group commands as a unit. Run a set of commands in a group. This is one way to redirect an entire set of commands. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed.HFT input data pendingHFT monitor mode grantedHFT monitor mode retractedHFT sound sequence has completedHOME not setHangupI have no name!I/O readyIllegal instructionInformation requestInterruptKilledLicense GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later Mark shell variables as unchangeable. Mark each NAME as read-only; the values of these NAMEs may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If VALUE is supplied, assign VALUE before marking as read-only. Options: -a refer to indexed array variables -A refer to associative array variables -f refer to shell functions -p display a list of all readonly variables and functions An argument of `--' disables further option processing. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or NAME is invalid.Modify shell resource limits. Provides control over the resources available to the shell and processes it creates, on systems that allow such control. Options: -S use the `soft' resource limit -H use the `hard' resource limit -a all current limits are reported -b the socket buffer size -c the maximum size of core files created -d the maximum size of a process's data segment -e the maximum scheduling priority (`nice') -f the maximum size of files written by the shell and its children -i the maximum number of pending signals -l the maximum size a process may lock into memory -m the maximum resident set size -n the maximum number of open file descriptors -p the pipe buffer size -q the maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues -r the maximum real-time scheduling priority -s the maximum stack size -t the maximum amount of cpu time in seconds -u the maximum number of user processes -v the size of virtual memory -x the maximum number of file locks If LIMIT is given, it is the new value of the specified resource; the special LIMIT values `soft', `hard', and `unlimited' stand for the current soft limit, the current hard limit, and no limit, respectively. Otherwise, the current value of the specified resource is printed. If no option is given, then -f is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -t, which is in seconds, -p, which is in increments of 512 bytes, and -u, which is an unscaled number of processes. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs.Move job to the foreground. Place the job identified by JOB_SPEC in the foreground, making it the current job. If JOB_SPEC is not present, the shell's notion of the current job is used. Exit Status: Status of command placed in foreground, or failure if an error occurs.Move jobs to the background. Place the jobs identified by each JOB_SPEC in the background, as if they had been started with `&'. If JOB_SPEC is not present, the shell's notion of the current job is used. Exit Status: Returns success unless job control is not enabled or an error occurs.Null command. No effect; the command does nothing. Exit Status: Always succeeds.OLDPWD not setParse option arguments. Getopts is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters as options. OPTSTRING contains the option letters to be recognized; if a letter is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it by white space. Each time it is invoked, getopts will place the next option in the shell variable $name, initializing name if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the shell variable OPTIND. OPTIND is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an option requires an argument, getopts places that argument into the shell variable OPTARG. getopts reports errors in one of two ways. If the first character of OPTSTRING is a colon, getopts uses silent error reporting. In this mode, no error messages are printed. If an invalid option is seen, getopts places the option character found into OPTARG. If a required argument is not found, getopts places a ':' into NAME and sets OPTARG to the option character found. If getopts is not in silent mode, and an invalid option is seen, getopts places '?' into NAME and unsets OPTARG. If a required argument is not found, a '?' is placed in NAME, OPTARG is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed. If the shell variable OPTERR has the value 0, getopts disables the printing of error messages, even if the first character of OPTSTRING is not a colon. OPTERR has the value 1 by default. Getopts normally parses the positional parameters ($0 - $9), but if more arguments are given, they are parsed instead. Exit Status: Returns success if an option is found; fails if the end of options is encountered or an error occurs.Print the name of the current working directory. Options: -L print the value of $PWD if it names the current working directory -P print the physical directory, without any symbolic links By default, `pwd' behaves as if `-L' were specified. Exit Status: Returns 0 unless an invalid option is given or the current directory cannot be read.QuitRead lines from a file into an array variable. A synonym for `mapfile'.Record lockRemember or display program locations. Determine and remember the full pathname of each command NAME. If no arguments are given, information about remembered commands is displayed. Options: -d forget the remembered location of each NAME -l display in a format that may be reused as input -p pathname use PATHNAME is the full pathname of NAME -r forget all remembered locations -t print the remembered location of each NAME, preceding each location with the corresponding NAME if multiple NAMEs are given Arguments: NAME Each NAME is searched for in $PATH and added to the list of remembered commands. Exit Status: Returns success unless NAME is not found or an invalid option is given.Remove directories from stack. Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, removes the top directory from the stack, and changes to the new top directory. Options: -n Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories from the stack, so only the stack is manipulated. Arguments: +N Removes the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd +0' removes the first directory, `popd +1' the second. -N Removes the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd -0' removes the last directory, `popd -1' the next to last. The `dirs' builtin displays the directory stack. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid argument is supplied or the directory change fails.Remove each NAME from the list of defined aliases. Options: -a remove all alias definitions. Return success unless a NAME is not an existing alias.Remove jobs from current shell. Removes each JOBSPEC argument from the table of active jobs. Without any JOBSPECs, the shell uses its notion of the current job. Options: -a remove all jobs if JOBSPEC is not supplied -h mark each JOBSPEC so that SIGHUP is not sent to the job if the shell receives a SIGHUP -r remove only running jobs Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option or JOBSPEC is given.Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, removes the top directory from the stack, and changes to the new top directory. Options: -n Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories from the stack, so only the stack is manipulated. Arguments: +N Removes the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd +0' removes the first directory, `popd +1' the second. -N Removes the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd -0' removes the last directory, `popd -1' the next to last. The `dirs' builtin displays the directory stack.Replace the shell with the given command. Execute COMMAND, replacing this shell with the specified program. ARGUMENTS become the arguments to COMMAND. If COMMAND is not specified, any redirections take effect in the current shell. Options: -a name pass NAME as the zeroth argument to COMMAND -c execute COMMAND with an empty environment -l place a dash in the zeroth argument to COMMAND If the command cannot be executed, a non-interactive shell exits, unless the shell option `execfail' is set. Exit Status: Returns success unless COMMAND is not found or a redirection error occurs.Report time consumed by pipeline's execution. Execute PIPELINE and print a summary of the real time, user CPU time, and system CPU time spent executing PIPELINE when it terminates. Options: -p print the timing summary in the portable Posix format The value of the TIMEFORMAT variable is used as the output format. Exit Status: The return status is the return status of PIPELINE.Resume for, while, or until loops. Resumes the next iteration of the enclosing FOR, WHILE or UNTIL loop. If N is specified, resumes the Nth enclosing loop. Exit Status: The exit status is 0 unless N is not greater than or equal to 1.Resume job in foreground. Equivalent to the JOB_SPEC argument to the `fg' command. Resume a stopped or background job. JOB_SPEC can specify either a job name or a job number. Following JOB_SPEC with a `&' places the job in the background, as if the job specification had been supplied as an argument to `bg'. Exit Status: Returns the status of the resumed job.Return a successful result. Exit Status: Always succeeds.Return an unsuccessful result. Exit Status: Always fails.Return from a shell function. Causes a function or sourced script to exit with the return value specified by N. If N is omitted, the return status is that of the last command executed within the function or script. Exit Status: Returns N, or failure if the shell is not executing a function or script.Return the context of the current subroutine call. Without EXPR, returns "$line $filename". With EXPR, returns "$line $subroutine $filename"; this extra information can be used to provide a stack trace. The value of EXPR indicates how many call frames to go back before the current one; the top frame is frame 0. Exit Status: Returns 0 unless the shell is not executing a shell function or EXPR is invalid.Returns the context of the current subroutine call. Without EXPR, returns RunningSegmentation faultSelect words from a list and execute commands. The WORDS are expanded, generating a list of words. The set of expanded words is printed on the standard error, each preceded by a number. If `in WORDS' is not present, `in "$@"' is assumed. The PS3 prompt is then displayed and a line read from the standard input. If the line consists of the number corresponding to one of the displayed words, then NAME is set to that word. If the line is empty, WORDS and the prompt are redisplayed. If EOF is read, the command completes. Any other value read causes NAME to be set to null. The line read is saved in the variable REPLY. COMMANDS are executed after each selection until a break command is executed. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed.Send a signal to a job. Send the processes identified by PID or JOBSPEC the signal named by SIGSPEC or SIGNUM. If neither SIGSPEC nor SIGNUM is present, then SIGTERM is assumed. Options: -s sig SIG is a signal name -n sig SIG is a signal number -l list the signal names; if arguments follow `-l' they are assumed to be signal numbers for which names should be listed Kill is a shell builtin for two reasons: it allows job IDs to be used instead of process IDs, and allows processes to be killed if the limit on processes that you can create is reached. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or an error occurs.Set Readline key bindings and variables. Bind a key sequence to a Readline function or a macro, or set a Readline variable. The non-option argument syntax is equivalent to that found in ~/.inputrc, but must be passed as a single argument: e.g., bind '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. Options: -m keymap Use KEYMAP as the keymap for the duration of this command. Acceptable keymap names are emacs, emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-move, vi-command, and vi-insert. -l List names of functions. -P List function names and bindings. -p List functions and bindings in a form that can be reused as input. -S List key sequences that invoke macros and their values -s List key sequences that invoke macros and their values in a form that can be reused as input. -V List variable names and values -v List variable names and values in a form that can be reused as input. -q function-name Query about which keys invoke the named function. -u function-name Unbind all keys which are bound to the named function. -r keyseq Remove the binding for KEYSEQ. -f filename Read key bindings from FILENAME. -x keyseq:shell-command Cause SHELL-COMMAND to be executed when KEYSEQ is entered. Exit Status: bind returns 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an error occurs.Set and unset shell options. Change the setting of each shell option OPTNAME. Without any option arguments, list all shell options with an indication of whether or not each is set. Options: -o restrict OPTNAMEs to those defined for use with `set -o' -p print each shell option with an indication of its status -q suppress output -s enable (set) each OPTNAME -u disable (unset) each OPTNAME Exit Status: Returns success if OPTNAME is enabled; fails if an invalid option is given or OPTNAME is disabled.Set export attribute for shell variables. Marks each NAME for automatic export to the environment of subsequently executed commands. If VALUE is supplied, assign VALUE before exporting. Options: -f refer to shell functions -n remove the export property from each NAME -p display a list of all exported variables and functions An argument of `--' disables further option processing. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or NAME is invalid.Set or unset values of shell options and positional parameters. Change the value of shell attributes and positional parameters, or display the names and values of shell variables. Options: -a Mark variables which are modified or created for export. -b Notify of job termination immediately. -e Exit immediately if a command exits with a non-zero status. -f Disable file name generation (globbing). -h Remember the location of commands as they are looked up. -k All assignment arguments are placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. -m Job control is enabled. -n Read commands but do not execute them. -o option-name Set the variable corresponding to option-name: allexport same as -a braceexpand same as -B emacs use an emacs-style line editing interface errexit same as -e errtrace same as -E functrace same as -T hashall same as -h histexpand same as -H history enable command history ignoreeof the shell will not exit upon reading EOF interactive-comments allow comments to appear in interactive commands keyword same as -k monitor same as -m noclobber same as -C noexec same as -n noglob same as -f nolog currently accepted but ignored notify same as -b nounset same as -u onecmd same as -t physical same as -P pipefail the return value of a pipeline is the status of the last command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if no command exited with a non-zero status posix change the behavior of bash where the default operation differs from the Posix standard to match the standard privileged same as -p verbose same as -v vi use a vi-style line editing interface xtrace same as -x -p Turned on whenever the real and effective user ids do not match. Disables processing of the $ENV file and importing of shell functions. Turning this option off causes the effective uid and gid to be set to the real uid and gid. -t Exit after reading and executing one command. -u Treat unset variables as an error when substituting. -v Print shell input lines as they are read. -x Print commands and their arguments as they are executed. -B the shell will perform brace expansion -C If set, disallow existing regular files to be overwritten by redirection of output. -E If set, the ERR trap is inherited by shell functions. -H Enable ! style history substitution. This flag is on by default when the shell is interactive. -P If set, do not follow symbolic links when executing commands such as cd which change the current directory. -T If set, the DEBUG trap is inherited by shell functions. - Assign any remaining arguments to the positional parameters. The -x and -v options are turned off. Using + rather than - causes these flags to be turned off. The flags can also be used upon invocation of the shell. The current set of flags may be found in $-. The remaining n ARGs are positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to $1, $2, .. $n. If no ARGs are given, all shell variables are printed. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given.Set variable values and attributes. Declare variables and give them attributes. If no NAMEs are given, display the attributes and values of all variables. Options: -f restrict action or display to function names and definitions -F restrict display to function names only (plus line number and source file when debugging) -p display the attributes and value of each NAME Options which set attributes: -a to make NAMEs indexed arrays (if supported) -A to make NAMEs associative arrays (if supported) -i to make NAMEs have the `integer' attribute -l to convert NAMEs to lower case on assignment -r to make NAMEs readonly -t to make NAMEs have the `trace' attribute -u to convert NAMEs to upper case on assignment -x to make NAMEs export Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the given attribute. Variables with the integer attribute have arithmetic evaluation (see the `let' command) performed when the variable is assigned a value. When used in a function, `declare' makes NAMEs local, as with the `local' command. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs.Set variable values and attributes. Obsolete. See `help declare'.Shell commands matching keyword `Shell commands matching keywords `Shell options: Shift positional parameters. Rename the positional parameters $N+1,$N+2 ... to $1,$2 ... If N is not given, it is assumed to be 1. Exit Status: Returns success unless N is negative or greater than $#.Signal %dStoppedStopped (signal)Stopped (tty input)Stopped (tty output)Stopped(%s)Suspend shell execution. Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SIGCONT signal. Unless forced, login shells cannot be suspended. Options: -f force the suspend, even if the shell is a login shell Exit Status: Returns success unless job control is not enabled or an error occurs.TIMEFORMAT: `%c': invalid format characterTerminatedThe mail in %s has been read There are running jobs. There are stopped jobs. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. These shell commands are defined internally. Type `help' to see this list. Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'. Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general. Use `man -k' or `info' to find out more about commands not in this list. A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled. This is free software; you are free to change and redistribute it. Trap signals and other events. Defines and activates handlers to be run when the shell receives signals or other conditions. ARG is a command to be read and executed when the shell receives the signal(s) SIGNAL_SPEC. If ARG is absent (and a single SIGNAL_SPEC is supplied) or `-', each specified signal is reset to its original value. If ARG is the null string each SIGNAL_SPEC is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. If a SIGNAL_SPEC is EXIT (0) ARG is executed on exit from the shell. If a SIGNAL_SPEC is DEBUG, ARG is executed before every simple command. If no arguments are supplied, trap prints the list of commands associated with each signal. Options: -l print a list of signal names and their corresponding numbers -p display the trap commands associated with each SIGNAL_SPEC Each SIGNAL_SPEC is either a signal name in or a signal number. Signal names are case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. A signal may be sent to the shell with "kill -signal $$". Exit Status: Returns success unless a SIGSPEC is invalid or an invalid option is given.Type `%s -c "help set"' for more information about shell options. Type `%s -c help' for more information about shell builtin commands. Unknown Signal #Unknown Signal #%dUnknown errorUnknown statusUnset values and attributes of shell variables and functions. For each NAME, remove the corresponding variable or function. Options: -f treat each NAME as a shell function -v treat each NAME as a shell variable Without options, unset first tries to unset a variable, and if that fails, tries to unset a function. Some variables cannot be unset; also see `readonly'. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or a NAME is read-only.Urgent IO conditionUsage: %s [GNU long option] [option] ... %s [GNU long option] [option] script-file ... Use "%s" to leave the shell. Use the `bashbug' command to report bugs. User signal 1User signal 2Wait for job completion and return exit status. Waits for the process identified by ID, which may be a process ID or a job specification, and reports its termination status. If ID is not given, waits for all currently active child processes, and the return status is zero. If ID is a a job specification, waits for all processes in the job's pipeline. Exit Status: Returns the status of ID; fails if ID is invalid or an invalid option is given.Wait for process completion and return exit status. Waits for the specified process and reports its termination status. If PID is not given, all currently active child processes are waited for, and the return code is zero. PID must be a process ID. Exit Status: Returns the status of ID; fails if ID is invalid or an invalid option is given.Window changedWrite arguments to the standard output. Display the ARGs on the standard output followed by a newline. Options: -n do not append a newline Exit Status: Returns success unless a write error occurs.Write arguments to the standard output. Display the ARGs on the standard output followed by a newline. Options: -n do not append a newline -e enable interpretation of the following backslash escapes -E explicitly suppress interpretation of backslash escapes `echo' interprets the following backslash-escaped characters: \a alert (bell) \b backspace \c suppress further output \e escape character \f form feed \n new line \r carriage return \t horizontal tab \v vertical tab \\ backslash \0nnn the character whose ASCII code is NNN (octal). NNN can be 0 to 3 octal digits \xHH the eight-bit character whose value is HH (hexadecimal). HH can be one or two hex digits Exit Status: Returns success unless a write error occurs.You have mail in $_You have new mail in $_[ arg... ][[ expression ]]`%c': bad command`%c': invalid format character`%c': invalid symbolic mode character`%c': invalid symbolic mode operator`%s': cannot unbind`%s': invalid keymap name`%s': missing format character`%s': not a pid or valid job spec`%s': not a valid identifier`%s': unknown function name`)' expected`)' expected, found %s`:' expected for conditional expressionadd_process: pid %5ld (%s) marked as still aliveadd_process: process %5ld (%s) in the_pipelinealias [-p] [name[=value] ... ]all_local_variables: no function context at current scopeargumentargument expectedarray variable support requiredattempted assignment to non-variablebad array subscriptbad command typebad connectorbad jumpbad substitution: no closing "`" in %sbad substitution: no closing `%s' in %sbash_execute_unix_command: cannot find keymap for commandbg [job_spec ...]bind [-lpvsPVS] [-m keymap] [-f filename] [-q name] [-u name] [-r keyseq] [-x keyseq:shell-command] [keyseq:readline-function or readline-command]break [n]bug: bad expassign tokenbuiltin [shell-builtin [arg ...]]caller [expr]can only `return' from a function or sourced scriptcan only be used in a functioncannot allocate new file descriptor for bash input from fd %dcannot create temp file for here-document: %scannot duplicate fd %d to fd %dcannot duplicate named pipe %s as fd %dcannot find %s in shared object %s: %scannot make child for command substitutioncannot make child for process substitutioncannot make pipe for command substitutioncannot make pipe for process substitutioncannot open named pipe %s for readingcannot open named pipe %s for writingcannot open shared object %s: %scannot redirect standard input from /dev/null: %scannot reset nodelay mode for fd %dcannot set and unset shell options simultaneouslycannot set terminal process group (%d)cannot simultaneously unset a function and a variablecannot suspendcannot suspend a login shellcannot use `-f' to make functionscannot use more than one of -anrwcase WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMANDS ;;]... esaccd [-L|-P] [dir]child setpgid (%ld to %ld)command [-pVv] command [arg ...]command_substitute: cannot duplicate pipe as fd 1compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] [-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [word]completion: function `%s' not foundconditional binary operator expectedcontinue [n]coproc [NAME] command [redirections]could not find /tmp, please create!cprintf: `%c': invalid format charactercurrentdeclare [-aAfFilrtux] [-p] [name[=value] ...]deleting stopped job %d with process group %lddescribe_pid: %ld: no such piddirectory stack emptydirectory stack indexdirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N]disown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ...]division by 0dynamic loading not availableecho [-n] [arg ...]echo [-neE] [arg ...]empty array variable nameenable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [name ...]error getting terminal attributes: %serror importing function definition for `%s'error setting terminal attributes: %seval [arg ...]exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments ...]] [redirection ...]exit [n]expected `)'exponent less than 0export [-fn] [name[=value] ...] or export -pexpression expectedexpression recursion level exceededfalsefc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last] or fc -s [pat=rep] [command]fg [job_spec]file descriptor out of rangefilename argument requiredfor (( exp1; exp2; exp3 )); do COMMANDS; donefor NAME [in WORDS ... ] ; do COMMANDS; doneforked pid %d appears in running job %dfree: called with already freed block argumentfree: called with unallocated block argumentfree: start and end chunk sizes differfree: underflow detected; mh_nbytes out of rangefunction name { COMMANDS ; } or name () { COMMANDS ; }getcwd: cannot access parent directoriesgetopts optstring name [arg]hash [-lr] [-p pathname] [-dt] [name ...]hashing disabledhere-document at line %d delimited by end-of-file (wanted `%s')history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -anrw [filename] or history -ps arg [arg...]history positionhistory specificationhits command identifier expected after pre-increment or pre-decrementif COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; ]... [ else COMMANDS; ] fiinitialize_job_control: getpgrp failedinitialize_job_control: line disciplineinitialize_job_control: setpgidinvalid arithmetic baseinvalid baseinvalid character %d in exportstr for %sinvalid hex numberinvalid numberinvalid octal numberinvalid signal numberjob %d started without job controljob_spec [&]jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x command [args]kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] pid | jobspec ... or kill -l [sigspec]last command: %s let arg [arg ...]limitline %d: line editing not enabledlocal [option] name[=value] ...logout logout [n]loop countmake_here_document: bad instruction type %dmake_local_variable: no function context at current scopemake_redirection: redirection instruction `%d' out of rangemalloc: block on free list clobberedmalloc: failed assertion: %s mapfile [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]migrate process to another CPUmissing `)'missing `]'missing hex digit for \xnetwork operations not supportedno `=' in exportstr for %sno closing `%c' in %sno command foundno help topics match `%s'. Try `help help' or `man -k %s' or `info %s'.no job controlno job control in this shellno match: %sno other directoryno other options allowed with `-x'not currently executing completion functionnot login shell: use `exit'octal numberonly meaningful in a `for', `while', or `until' looppipe errorpop_scope: head of shell_variables not a temporary environment scopepop_var_context: head of shell_variables not a function contextpop_var_context: no global_variables contextpopd [-n] [+N | -N]power failure imminentprint_command: bad connector `%d'printf [-v var] format [arguments]progcomp_insert: %s: NULL COMPSPECprogramming errorpushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir]pwd [-LP]read error: %d: %sreadarray [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]readonly [-af] [name[=value] ...] or readonly -prealloc: called with unallocated block argumentrealloc: start and end chunk sizes differrealloc: underflow detected; mh_nbytes out of rangerecursion stack underflowredirection error: cannot duplicate fdregister_alloc: %p already in table as allocated? register_alloc: alloc table is full with FIND_ALLOC? register_free: %p already in table as free? restrictedreturn [n]run_pending_traps: bad value in trap_list[%d]: %prun_pending_traps: signal handler is SIG_DFL, resending %d (%s) to myselfsave_bash_input: buffer already exists for new fd %dselect NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do COMMANDS; doneset [--abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option-name] [arg ...]shell level (%d) too high, resetting to 1shift [n]shift countshopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...]sigprocmask: %d: invalid operationsource filename [arguments]start_pipeline: pgrp pipesuspend [-f]syntax errorsyntax error in conditional expressionsyntax error in conditional expression: unexpected token `%s'syntax error in expressionsyntax error near `%s'syntax error near unexpected token `%s'syntax error: `((%s))'syntax error: `;' unexpectedsyntax error: arithmetic expression requiredsyntax error: invalid arithmetic operatorsyntax error: operand expectedsyntax error: unexpected end of filesystem crash imminenttest [expr]time [-p] pipelinetimestoo many argumentstrap [-lp] [[arg] signal_spec ...]trap_handler: bad signal %dtruetype [-afptP] name [name ...]typeset [-aAfFilrtux] [-p] name[=value] ...ulimit [-SHacdefilmnpqrstuvx] [limit]umask [-p] [-S] [mode]unalias [-a] name [name ...]unexpected EOF while looking for `]]'unexpected EOF while looking for matching `%c'unexpected EOF while looking for matching `)'unexpected argument `%s' to conditional binary operatorunexpected argument `%s' to conditional unary operatorunexpected argument to conditional binary operatorunexpected argument to conditional unary operatorunexpected token %d in conditional commandunexpected token `%c' in conditional commandunexpected token `%s' in conditional commandunexpected token `%s', conditional binary operator expectedunexpected token `%s', expected `)'unknownunknown command errorunset [-f] [-v] [name ...]until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; donevalue too great for basevariables - Names and meanings of some shell variableswait [id]wait [pid]wait: pid %ld is not a child of this shellwait_for: No record of process %ldwait_for_job: job %d is stoppedwarning: warning: %s: %swarning: -C option may not work as you expectwarning: -F option may not work as you expectwhile COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; donewrite error: %s{ COMMANDS ; }Project-Id-Version: bash 4.0 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: POT-Creation-Date: 2009-12-30 08:25-0500 PO-Revision-Date: 2009-09-19 21:17+0930 Last-Translator: Clytie Siddall Language-Team: Vietnamese MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0; X-Generator: LocFactoryEditor 1.8 quÃ¡ háº¡n trong khi Ä‘á»£i dá»¯ liá»‡u nháºp nÃªn tá»± Ä‘á»™ng Ä‘Äƒng xuáº¥t -%s hoáº·c -o tÃ¹y chá»n -irsD hoáº·c -c lá»‡nh or -O shopt_option (chá»‰ cuá»™c gá»i) malloc (cáº¥p phÃ¡t bá»™ nhá»›): %s:%d: kháº³ng Ä‘á»‹nh bá»‹ há»ng (wd: %s) (lÃµi bá»‹ Ä‘á»•)dÃ²ng$%s: khÃ´ng thá»ƒ gÃ¡n báº±ng cÃ¡ch nÃ y%c%c: tÃ¹y chá»n khÃ´ng há»£p lá»‡%d: bá»™ mÃ´ táº£ táºp tin khÃ´ng há»£p lá»‡: %s%s cÃ³ thá»ƒ Ä‘Æ°á»£c gá»i thÃ´ng qua %s lÃ %s %s lÃ hÃ m %s lÃ dá»±ng sáºµn trÃ¬nh bao %s lÃ tá»« khoÃ¡ trÃ¬nh bao %s cÃ³ bÃ danh tá»›i Â« %s Â» %s cÃ³ kÃ½ hiá»‡u lá»™n xá»™n (%s) %s khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°á»£c tá»• há»£p vá»›i phÃm. %s á»Ÿ ngoáº¡i pháº¡m vi%s%s%s: %s (hiá»‡u bÃ i lá»—i lÃ Â« %s Â»)%s: %s á»Ÿ ngoáº¡i pháº¡m vi%s: %s: bá»™ thÃ´ng dá»‹ch sai%s: %s: pháº£i sá» dá»¥ng chá»¯ tháº¥p khi gÃ¡n máº£ng káº¿t há»£p%s: Ä‘áº·c táº£ cÃ´ng viá»‡c mÆ¡ há»“%s: lá»i chuyá»ƒn hÆ°á»›ng mÆ¡ há»“%s: Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ pháº£i lÃ mÃ£ sá»‘ cá»§a tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh (PID) hoáº·c cÃ´ng viá»‡c%s: Ä‘áº·c táº£ Ä‘Æ°á»ng dáº«n máº¡ng sai%s: sai thay tháº¿%s: Ä‘á»£i toÃ¡n tá» nhá»‹ phÃ¢n%s: khÃ´ng thá»ƒ gÃ¡n danh sÃ¡ch cho bá»™ pháºn cá»§a máº£ng%s: khÃ´ng thá»ƒ cáº¥p phÃ¡t cho chá»‰ sá»‘ khÃ´ng thuá»™c sá»‘%s: khÃ´ng thá»ƒ chuyá»ƒn Ä‘á»•i máº£ng káº¿t há»£p sang máº£ng theo sá»‘ mÅ©%s: khÃ´ng thá»ƒ chuyá»ƒn Ä‘á»•i máº£ng theo sá»‘ mÅ© sang máº£ng káº¿t há»£p%s: khÃ´ng thá»ƒ táº¡o %s%s: khÃ´ng thá»ƒ xoÃ¡: %s%s: khÃ´ng thá»ƒ phÃ¡ há»§y biáº¿n máº£ng báº±ng cÃ¡ch nÃ y%s: khÃ´ng thá»ƒ thá»±c hiá»‡n táºp tin nhá»‹ phÃ¢n%s: khÃ´ng thá»ƒ thá»±c hiá»‡n: %s%s: khÃ´ng thá»ƒ láº¥y giá»›i háº¡n: %s%s: khÃ´ng thá»ƒ sá»a Ä‘á»•i giá»›i háº¡n: %s%s: khÃ´ng thá»ƒ má»Ÿ táºp tin táº¡m thá»i: %s%s: khÃ´ng thá»ƒ má»Ÿ : %s%s: khÃ´ng thá»ƒ ghi Ä‘Ã¨ lÃªn táºp tin Ä‘Ã£ cÃ³%s: khÃ´ng thá»ƒ Ä‘á»c %s%s: khÃ´ng thá»ƒ há»§y Ä‘áº·t%s: khÃ´ng thá»ƒ há»§y Ä‘áº·t: %s chá»‰ Ä‘á»c%s: khÃ´ng tÃ¬m tháº¥y lá»‡nh%s: gáº·p lá»—i khi láº¥y thÆ° má»¥c hiá»‡n thá»i: %s: %s %s: lá»—i biá»ƒu thá»©c %s: táºp tin quÃ¡ lá»›n%s: khÃ´ng tÃ¬m tháº¥y táºp tin%s: kÃ½ tá»± khÃ¡c khoáº£ng tráº¯ng Ä‘áº§u tiÃªn khÃ´ng pháº£i lÃ dáº¥u sá»• chÃ©o ngÆ°á»£c Â« / Â»%s: báº£ng kÃ½ hiá»‡u lá»™n xá»™n cÃ²n rá»—ng %s: lá»—i má»Ÿ rá»™ng lá»‹ch sá»%s: khÃ´ng rÃµ mÃ¡y%s: tÃ¹y chá»n khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°á»£c phÃ©p -- %c %s: inlib bá»‹ lá»—i%s: Ä‘á»£i biá»ƒu thá»©c sá»‘ nguyÃªn%s: tÃªn hÃ nh vi khÃ´ng há»£p lá»‡%s: gá»‘c máº£ng khÃ´ng há»£p lá»‡%s: khoÃ¡ mÃ ng káº¿t há»£p khÃ´ng há»£p lá»‡%s: lÆ°á»£ng gá»i ngÆ°á»£c khÃ´ng há»£p lá»‡%s: sai xÃ¡c Ä‘á»‹nh bá»™ mÃ´ táº£ táºp tin%s: Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ giá»›i háº¡n khÃ´ng há»£p lá»‡%s: sai Ä‘áº¿m dÃ²ng%s: tÃ¹y chá»n khÃ´ng há»£p lá»‡%s: tÃªn tÃ¹y chá»n khÃ´ng há»£p lá»‡%s: dá»‹ch vá»¥ khÃ´ng há»£p lá»‡%s: tÃªn tÃ¹y chá»n trÃ¬nh bao khÃ´ng há»£p lá»‡%s: sai xÃ¡c Ä‘á»‹nh tÃn hiá»‡u%s: sai xÃ¡c Ä‘á»‹nh quÃ¡ háº¡n%s: lÃ thÆ° má»¥c%s: cÃ´ng viá»‡c %d Ä‘Ã£ cháº¡y trong ná»n%s: cÃ´ng viá»‡c bá»‹ cháº¥m dá»©t%s: dÃ²ng %d:%s: thiáº¿u dáº¥u hai cháº¥m Ä‘á»‹nh giá»›i%s: khÃ´ng cÃ³ Ä‘áº·c táº£ Ä‘iá»n ná»‘t%s: khÃ´ng cÃ³ Ä‘iá»u khiá»ƒn cÃ´ng viá»‡c%s: khÃ´ng cÃ³ cÃ´ng viá»‡c nhÆ° váºy%s: khÃ´ng pháº£i hÃ m%s: khÃ´ng pháº£i lÃ táºp tin chuáº©n%s: khÃ´ng pháº£i dá»±ng sáºµn trÃ¬nh bao%s: khÃ´ng pháº£i biáº¿n máº£ng%s khÃ´ng pháº£i Ä‘Æ°á»£c náº¡p Ä‘á»™ng%s: khÃ´ng tÃ¬m tháº¥y%s: cáº§n thiáº¿t Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ thuá»™c sá»‘%s: tÃ¹y chá»n cáº§n thiáº¿t má»™t Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘%s: tÃ¹y chá»n cáº§n thiáº¿t Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ -- %c %s: tham sá»‘ vÃ´ giÃ¡ trá»‹ hoáº·c chÆ°a Ä‘Æ°á»£c Ä‘áº·t%s: hÃ m chá»‰ Ä‘á»c%s: biáº¿n chá»‰ Ä‘á»c%s: bá»‹ háº¡n cháº¿%s: bá»‹ háº¡n cháº¿: khÃ´ng thá»ƒ chuyá»ƒn hÆ°á»›ng káº¿t xuáº¥t%s: bá»‹ háº¡n cháº¿: khÃ´ng thá»ƒ ghi rÃµ dáº¥u sá»• chÃ©o Â« / Â» trong tÃªn cÃ¢u lá»‡nh%s: biá»ƒu thá»©c chuá»—i phá»¥ < 0%s: Ä‘á»£i toÃ¡n tá» nguyÃªn phÃ¢n%s: biáº¿n chÆ°a tá»• há»£p%s: sá» dá»¥ng:(( biá»ƒu_thá»©c ))(lÃµi bá»‹ Ä‘á»•)(wd bÃ¢y giá»: %s) . tÃªn_táºp_tin [Ä‘á»‘i_sá»‘ ...]/dev/(tcp|udp)/host/port khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°á»£c há»— trá»£ khi khÃ´ng cÃ³ chá»©c nÄƒng cháº¡y máº¡ngÂ« /tmp Â» pháº£i lÃ tÃªn thÆ° má»¥c há»£p lá»‡:CÃ¢u lá»‡nh Há»¦Y Bá»ŽHá»§y bá»...ThÃªm thÆ° má»¥c vÃ o Ä‘á»‘ng. ThÃªm má»™t thÆ° má»¥c vÃ o Ä‘áº§u cá»§a Ä‘á»‘ng thÆ° má»¥c, hoáº·c xoay Ä‘á»‘ng, lÃ m cho thÆ° má»¥c má»›i Ä‘áº§u Ä‘á»‘ng lÃ thÆ° má»¥c lÃ m viá»‡c hiá»‡n thá»i. KhÃ´ng cÃ³ Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ thÃ¬ trao Ä‘á»•i hai thÆ° má»¥c Ä‘áº§u. +N Xoay Ä‘á»‘ng Ä‘á»ƒ thÆ° má»¥c thá»© N (Ä‘áº¿m tá»« bÃªn trÃ¡i danh sÃ¡ch Ä‘Æ°á»£c hiá»ƒn thá»‹ báº±ng Â« dirs Â», báº¯t Ä‘áº§u tá»« sá»‘ khÃ´ng) dá»i lÃªn Ä‘áº§u. -N Xoay Ä‘á»‘ng Ä‘á»ƒ thÆ° má»¥c thá»© N (Ä‘áº¿m tá»« bÃªn pháº£i danh sÃ¡ch Ä‘Æ°á»£c hiá»ƒn thá»‹ báº±ng Â« dirs Â», báº¯t Ä‘áº§u tá»« sá»‘ khÃ´ng) dá»i lÃªn Ä‘áº§u. -n Thu há»“i chá»©c nÄƒng chuyá»ƒn Ä‘á»•i bÃ¬nh thÆ°á»ng khi thÃªm thÆ° má»¥c vÃ o Ä‘á»‘ng, Ä‘á»ƒ thao tÃ¡c chá»‰ Ä‘á»‘ng. dir ThÃªm T_Má»¤C vÃ o Ä‘áº§u Ä‘á»‘ng thÆ° má»¥c, lÃ m cho nÃ³ lÃ thÆ° má»¥c lÃ m viá»‡c hiá»‡n thá»i má»›i. Dá»±ng sáºµn Â« dirs Â» thÃ¬ hiá»ƒn thá»‹ Ä‘á»‘ng thÆ° má»¥c. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ sai, cÅ©ng khÃ´ng sai chuyá»ƒn Ä‘á»•i thÆ° má»¥c.ThÃªm má»™t thÆ° má»¥c vÃ o Ä‘áº§u cá»§a Ä‘á»‘ng thÆ° má»¥c, hoáº·c xoay Ä‘á»‘ng, lÃ m cho thÆ° má»¥c má»›i Ä‘áº§u Ä‘á»‘ng lÃ thÆ° má»¥c lÃ m viá»‡c hiá»‡n thá»i. KhÃ´ng cÃ³ Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ thÃ¬ trao Ä‘á»•i hai thÆ° má»¥c Ä‘áº§u. TÃ¹y chá»n: -n thu há»“i chá»©c nÄƒng chuyá»ƒn Ä‘á»•i thÆ° má»¥c bÃ¬nh thÆ°á»ng khi thÃªm thÆ° má»¥c vÃ o Ä‘á»‘ng, thÃ¬ chá»‰ thao tÃ¡c Ä‘á»‘ng chÃnh nÃ³. Äá»‘i sá»‘ : +N xoay Ä‘á»‘ng Ä‘á»ƒ mÃ thÆ° má»¥c thá»© N (Ä‘áº¿m tá»« bÃªn trÃ¡i danh sÃ¡ch hiá»ƒn thá»‹ theo thÆ° má»¥c, báº¯t Ä‘áº§u tá»« sá»‘ khÃ´ng) náº±m á»Ÿ Ä‘áº§u. -N xoay Ä‘á»‘ng Ä‘á»ƒ mÃ thÆ° má»¥c thá»© N (Ä‘áº¿m tá»« bÃªn pháº£i danh sÃ¡ch hiá»ƒn thá»‹ theo thÆ° má»¥c, báº¯t Ä‘áº§u tá»« sá»‘ khÃ´ng) náº±m á»Ÿ Ä‘áº§u. dir thÃªm DIR vÃ o Ä‘áº§u Ä‘á»‘ng thÆ° má»¥c, thÃ¬ lÃ m cho nÃ³ thÆ° má»¥c lÃ m viá»‡c hiá»‡n thá»i. Dá»±ng sáºµn Â« dirs Â» hiá»ƒn thá»‹ Ä‘á»‘ng thÆ° má»¥c.BÃ¡o Ä‘á»™ng (há»“ sÆ¡)BÃ¡o Ä‘á»™ng (áº£o)Äá»“ng há»“ bÃ¡o thá»©cSá»‘ há»c cho vÃ²ng láº·p. TÆ°Æ¡ng Ä‘Æ°Æ¡ng vá»›i: (( EXP1 )) while (( EXP2 )); do COMMANDS (( EXP3 )) done EXP1, EXP2, EXP3 lÃ biá»ƒu thá»©c sá»‘ há»c. Bá» sÃ³t biá»ƒu thá»©c nÃ o thÃ¬ á»©ng xá» nhÆ° nÃ³ tÃnh lÃ 1. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i tráº¡ng thÃ¡i cá»§a cÃ¢u lá»‡nh cuá»‘i cÃ¹ng Ä‘Æ°á»£c cháº¡y.Theo váº¿t/Ä‘áº·t báº«y BPTSai gá»i há»‡ thá»‘ngTÃn hiá»‡u giáº£á»ng dáº«n bá»‹ há»nglá»—i máº¡ch ná»‘iGiá»›i háº¡n CPUChuyá»ƒn Ä‘á»•i thÆ° má»¥c lÃ m viá»‡c cá»§a trÃ¬nh bao. Chuyá»ƒn Ä‘á»•i thÆ° má»¥c hiá»‡n thá»i sang TMá»¤C. ThÆ° má»¥c máº·c Ä‘á»‹nh lÃ giÃ¡ trá»‹ cá»§a biáº¿n trÃ¬nh bao HOME. Biáº¿n CDPATH thÃ¬ xÃ¡c Ä‘á»‹nh Ä‘Æ°á»ng dáº«n tÃ¬m kiáº¿m cho thÆ° má»¥c chá»©a TMá»¤C. CÃ¡c tÃªn thÆ° má»¥c xen káº½ trong CDPATH cÅ©ng Ä‘á»‹nh giá»›i báº±ng dáº¥u hai cháº¥m Â« : Â». Má»™t tÃªn thÆ° má»¥c trá»‘ng tÆ°Æ¡ng Ä‘Æ°Æ¡ng vá»›i thÆ° má»¥c hiá»‡n táº¡i. Náº¿u TMá»¤C báº¯t Ä‘áº§u vá»›i dáº¥u chÃ©o Â« / Â» thÃ¬ khÃ´ng dÃ¹ng CDPATH. Náº¿u khÃ´ng tÃ¬m tháº¥y thÆ° má»¥c, vÃ Ä‘áº·t biáº¿n trÃ¬nh bao Â« cdable_vars Â», thÃ¬ giáº£ sá» tá»« lÃ má»™t tÃªn biáº¿n. Náº¿u biáº¿n Ä‘Ã³ cÃ³ giÃ¡ trá»‹ thÃ¬ giÃ¡ trá»‹ nÃ y Ä‘Æ°á»£c dÃ¹ng cho TMá»¤C. TÃ¹y chá»n: -L Ã©p buá»™c theo liÃªn káº¿t tÆ°á»£ng trÆ°ng -P dÃ¹ng cáº¥u trÃºc thÆ° má»¥c váºt lÃ½ mÃ khÃ´ng theo liÃªn káº¿t tÆ°á»£ng trÆ°ng Máº·c Ä‘á»‹nh lÃ theo liÃªn káº¿t tÆ°á»£ng trÆ°ng, nhÆ° lÃ tÃ¹y chá»n Â« -L Â» Ä‘Æ°a ra. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i 0 náº¿u thÆ° má»¥c Ä‘Æ°á»£c chuyá»ƒn Ä‘á»•i; khÃ´ng thÃ¬ khÃ¡c sá»‘ khÃ´ng.Tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh con Ä‘Ã£ giáº¿t hoáº·c dá»«ngTÃªn vÃ sá» dá»¥ng cá»§a má»—i biáº¿n trÃ¬nh bao thÆ°á»ng dÃ¹ng. BASH_VERSION ThÃ´ng tin phiÃªn báº£n vá» pháº§n má»m Bash nÃ y. CDPATH Danh sÃ¡ch cÃ¡c thÆ° má»¥c Ä‘á»‹nh giá»›i báº±ng dáº¥u hai cháº¥m, qua Ä‘Ã³ cáº§n tÃ¬m kiáº¿m thÆ° má»¥c Ä‘Æ°á»£c Ä‘Æ°a ra dáº¡ng Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ vá»›i Â« cd Â». GLOBIGNORE Danh sÃ¡ch cÃ¡c máº«u Ä‘á»‹nh giá»›i báº±ng dáº¥u hai cháº¥m, mÃ diá»…n táº£ cÃ¡c tÃªn táºp tin cáº§n bá» qua khi má»Ÿ rá»™ng tÃªn Ä‘Æ°á»ng dáº«n. HISTFILE TÃªn cá»§a táºp tin chá»©a lá»‹ch sá» cÃ¢u lá»‡nh cá»§a báº¡n. HISTFILESIZE Sá»‘ tá»‘i Ä‘a cÃ¡c dÃ²ng cÃ³ thá»ƒ Ä‘Æ°á»£c táºp tin nÃ y chá»©a. HISTSIZE Sá»‘ tá»‘i Ä‘a cÃ¡c dÃ²ng lá»‹ch sá» mÃ trÃ¬nh bao Ä‘ang cháº¡y cÃ³ thá»ƒ truy cáºp. HOME TÃªn Ä‘Æ°á»ng dáº«n Ä‘áº§y Ä‘á»§ Ä‘áº¿n thÆ° má»¥c Ä‘Äƒng nháºp cá»§a báº¡n. HOSTNAME TÃªn cá»§a mÃ¡y chá»§ hiá»‡n thá»i cá»§a báº¡n. HOSTTYPE Kiá»ƒu CPU dÆ°á»›i Ä‘Ã³ phiÃªn báº£n Bash nÃ y Ä‘ang cháº¡y. IGNOREEOF Äiá»u khiá»ƒn á»©ng xá» cá»§a trÃ¬nh bao khi nháºn kÃ½ tá»± káº¿t thÃºc táºp tin (EOF) lÃ dá»¯ liá»‡u nháºp Ä‘á»™c nháº¥t. Äáº·t thÃ¬ giÃ¡ trá»‹ cá»§a nÃ³ lÃ sá»‘ kÃ½ tá»± EOF cÃ³ thá»ƒ gáº·p liÃªn tá»¥c trÃªn má»™t dÃ²ng rá»—ng trÆ°á»›c khi trÃ¬nh bao sáº½ thoÃ¡t (máº·c Ä‘á»‹nh lÃ 10). KhÃ´ng Ä‘áº·t thÃ¬ EOF sáº½ cÅ©ng káº¿t thÃºc nháºp vÃ o. MACHTYPE Má»™t chuá»—i diá»…n táº£ há»‡ thá»‘ng hiá»‡n thá»i trÃªn Ä‘Ã³ Bash Ä‘ang cháº¡y. MAILCHECK Khoáº£ng thá»i gian, theo giÃ¢y, giá»¯a hai láº§n Bash kiá»ƒm tra cÃ³ thÆ° má»›i chÆ°a. MAILPATH Danh sÃ¡ch cÃ¡c tÃªn táºp tin Ä‘á»‹nh giá»›i báº±ng dáº¥u hai cháº¥m trong Ä‘Ã³ Bash kiá»ƒm tra cÃ³ thÆ° má»›i chÆ°a. OSTYPE PhiÃªn báº£n UNIX trÃªn Ä‘Ã³ Bash nÃ y Ä‘ang cháº¡y. PATH Danh sÃ¡ch cÃ¡c thÆ° má»¥c Ä‘á»‹nh giá»›i báº±ng dáº¥u hai cháº¥m, qua Ä‘Ã³ cáº§n tÃ¬m kiáº¿m cÃ¢u lá»‡nh. PROMPT_COMMAND Má»™t cÃ¢u lá»‡nh cáº§n thá»±c hiá»‡n trÆ°á»›c khi in ra má»—i chuá»—i nháº¯c chÃnh. PS1 Chuá»—i nháº¯c chÃnh. PS2 Chuá»—i nháº¯c phá»¥. PWD TÃªn Ä‘Æ°á»ng dáº«n Ä‘áº§y Ä‘á»§ cá»§a thÆ° má»¥c hiá»‡n táº¡i. SHELLOPTS Danh sÃ¡ch cÃ¡c tÃ¹y chá»n trÃ¬nh bao Ä‘Ã£ hiá»‡u lá»±c Ä‘á»‹nh giá»›i báº±ng dáº¥u hai cháº¥m. TERM TÃªn cá»§a kiá»ƒu thiáº¿t bá»‹ cuá»‘i hiá»‡n thá»i. TIMEFORMAT Äá»‹nh dáº¡ng káº¿t xuáº¥t cho thá»‘ng kÃª Ä‘áº¿m thá»i gian Ä‘Æ°á»£c hiá»ƒn thá»‹ bá»Ÿi tá»« dÃ nh riÃªng Â« time Â». auto_resume CÃ³ giÃ¡ trá»‹ thÃ¬ trÆ°á»›c tiÃªn tÃ¬m má»™t tá»« lá»‡nh xuáº¥t hiá»‡n má»™t mÃ¬nh trÃªn má»™t dÃ²ng, trong danh sÃ¡ch cÃ¡c cÃ´ng viá»‡c bá»‹ dá»«ng cháº¡y. TÃ¬m Ä‘Æ°á»£c thÃ¬ Ä‘áº·t cÃ´ng viá»‡c Ä‘Ã³ vÃ o trÆ°á»›c. GiÃ¡ trá»‹ Â« exact Â» (chÃnh xÃ¡c) cÃ³ nghÄ©a lÃ tá»« lá»‡nh pháº£i tÆ°Æ¡ng á»©ng chÃnh xÃ¡c vá»›i má»™t cÃ¢u lá»‡nh trong danh sÃ¡ch cÃ¡c cÃ´ng viá»‡c bá»‹ dá»«ng cháº¡y. GiÃ¡ trá»‹ Â« substring Â» (chuá»—i phá»¥) cÃ³ nghÄ©a lÃ tá»« lá»‡nh pháº£i tÆ°Æ¡ng á»©ng vá»›i má»™t chuá»—i phá»¥ cá»§a cÃ´ng viá»‡c Ä‘Ã³. histchars CÃ¡c kÃ½ tá»± Ä‘iá»u khiá»ƒn má»Ÿ rá»™ng vÃ thay tháº¿ nhanh lá»‹ch sá». KÃ½ tá»± Ä‘áº§u tiÃªn thÆ°á»ng lÃ kÃ½ tá»± thay tháº¿ lá»‹ch sá», thÆ°á»ng lÃ Â« ! Â». KÃ½ tá»± thá»© hai lÃ kÃ½ tá»± thay tháº¿ nhanh, thÆ°á»ng lÃ Â« ^ Â». KÃ½ tá»± thá»© ba lÃ kÃ½ tá»± ghi chÃº vá» lá»‹ch sá», thÆ°á»ng lÃ Â« # Â». HISTIGNORE Danh sÃ¡ch cÃ¡c máº«u Ä‘á»‹nh giá»›i báº±ng dáº¥u hai cháº¥m, Ä‘Æ°á»£c Ã¹ng Ä‘á»ƒ quyáº¿t Ä‘á»‹nh nhá»¯ng cÃ¢u lá»‡nh nÃ o nÃªn Ä‘Æ°á»£c lÆ°u vÃ o danh sÃ¡ch lá»‹ch sá». Tiáº¿p tá»¥cTÃ¡c quyá»n Â© nÄƒm 2009 cá»§a Tá»• chá»©c Pháº§n má»m Tá»± do.Táº¡o má»™t tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh Ä‘á»“ng cháº¡y cÃ³ tÃªn TÃŠN. Thá»±c hiá»‡n cÃ¢u Lá»†NH má»™t cÃ¡ch khÃ´ng Ä‘á»“ng bá»™, cÃ³ Ä‘áº§u vÃ tiÃªu chuáº©n vÃ Ä‘áº§u ra tiÃªu chuáº©n cá»§a cÃ¢u lá»‡nh nÃ y Ä‘Æ°á»£c káº¿t ná»‘i thÃ´ng qua má»™t á»‘ng dáº«n tá»›i cÃ¡c bá»™ mÃ´ táº£ táºp tin Ä‘Æ°á»£c gÃ¡n cho chá»‰ sá»‘ 0 vÃ 1 cá»§a má»™t biáº¿n máº£ng TÃŠN trong trÃ¬nh bao Ä‘ang cháº¡y. TÃªn máº·c Ä‘á»‹nh lÃ Â« COPROC Â». Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t cá»§a cÃ¢u Lá»†NH.XÃ¡c Ä‘á»‹nh cÃ¡c biáº¿n cá»¥c bá»™. Táº¡o má»™t biáº¿n cá»¥c bá»™ tÃªn TÃŠN, vÃ gÃ¡n cho nÃ³ GIÃ_TRá»Š. TÃ™Y_CHá»ŒN cÃ³ thá»ƒ lÃ báº¥t cá»© tÃ¹y chá»n nÃ o Ä‘Æ°á»£c Â« declare Â» cháº¥p nháºn. Biáº¿n cá»¥c bá»™ chá»‰ dÃ¹ng Ä‘Æ°á»£c bÃªn trong chá»©c nÄƒng; chá»‰ chá»©c nÄƒng trong Ä‘Ã³ nÃ³ Ä‘Æ°á»£c xÃ¡c Ä‘á»‹nh (vÃ cÃ¡c chá»©c nÄƒng con) cÃ³ kháº£ nÄƒng phÃ¡t hiá»‡n nÃ³. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra tÃ¹y chá»n sai hay gáº·p lá»—i, vÃ náº¿u trÃ¬nh bao Ä‘ang cháº¡y chá»©c nÄƒng.XÃ¡c Ä‘á»‹nh hoáº·c hiá»ƒn thá»‹ bÃ danh. KhÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ thÃ¬ Â« alias Â» in ra danh sÃ¡ch cÃ¡c bÃ danh theo Ä‘á»‹nh dáº¡ng cÃ³ thá»ƒ dÃ¹ng láº¡i Ä‘Æ°á»£c Â« bÃ_danh TÃŠN=GIÃ_TRá»Š Â» trÃªn Ä‘áº§u ra tiÃªu chuáº©n. CÃ³ Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ thÃ¬ má»™t bÃ danh Ä‘Æ°á»£c xÃ¡c Ä‘á»‹nh cho má»—i TÃŠN cÃ³ giÃ¡ trá»‹ Ä‘Æ°a ra. Má»™t dáº¥u cÃ¡ch theo sau trong GIÃ_TRá»Š thÃ¬ gÃ¢y ra tá»« káº¿ tiáº¿p Ä‘Æ°á»£c kiá»ƒm tra cÃ³ bÃ danh Ä‘Æ°á»£c thay tháº¿ khi bÃ danh Ä‘Æ°á»£c má»Ÿ rá»™ng. TÃ¹y chá»n: -p in ra táº¥t cáº£ cÃ¡c bÃ danh Ä‘Ã£ xÃ¡c Ä‘á»‹nh theo má»™t Ä‘á»‹nh dáº¡ng cÃ³ thá»ƒ dÃ¹ng láº¡i Ä‘Æ°á»£c Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: bÃ danh tráº£ láº¡i ÄÃºng náº¿u khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra TÃŠN chÆ°a cÃ³ bÃ danh Ä‘Æ°á»£c xÃ¡c Ä‘á»‹nh.XÃ¡c Ä‘á»‹nh chá»©c nÄƒng trÃ¬nh bao. Táº¡o má»™t chá»©c nÄƒng trÃ¬nh bao cÃ³ TÃŠN. Khi Ä‘Æ°á»£c gá»i dÆ°á»›i dáº¡ng má»™t cÃ¢u lá»‡nh Ä‘Æ¡n giáº£n, TÃŠN cháº¡y cÃ¡c cÃ¢u Lá»†NH theo ngá»¯ cáº£nh cá»§a trÃ¬nh bao Ä‘ang gá»i. Khi TÃŠN Ä‘Æ°á»£c gá»i, cÃ¡c Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ Ä‘Æ°á»£c gá»i cho chá»©c nÄƒng dÆ°á»›i dáº¡ng $1...$n, vÃ tÃªn chá»©c nÄƒng náº±m trong $FUNCNAME. TrÃ¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u TÃŠN khÃ´ng pháº£i chá»‰ Ä‘á»c.Hiá»ƒn thá»‹ Ä‘á»‘ng thÆ° má»¥c. Hiá»ƒn thá»‹ danh sÃ¡ch cÃ¡c thÆ° má»¥c Ä‘Æ°á»£c nhá»› hiá»‡n thá»i. CÃ¢u lá»‡nh Â« pushd Â» sáº½ thÃªm thÆ° má»¥c vÃ o danh sÃ¡ch; cÃ¢u lá»‡nh Â« popd Â» cÅ©ng nÃ¢ng thÆ° má»¥c lÃªn danh sÃ¡ch. TÃ¹y chá»n: -c gá»™t Ä‘á»‘ng thÆ° má»¥c báº±ng cÃ¡ch xoÃ¡ má»i pháº§n tá» â‚«l Ä‘á»«ng in a phiÃªn báº£n thÆ° má»¥c cÃ³ dáº¥u ngÃ£ (tÆ°Æ¡ng Ä‘á»‘i so vá»›i thÆ° má»¥c chÃnh cá»§a ngÆ°á»i dÃ¹ng) -p in ra Ä‘á»‘ng thÆ° má»¥c, má»—i dÃ²ng má»™t má»¥c -v in ra Ä‘á»‘ng thÆ° má»¥c, má»—i dÃ²ng má»™t má»¥c, vá»›i tiá»n tá»‘ lÃ vá»‹ trÃ trong Ä‘á»‘ng Äá»‘i sá»‘ : +N hiá»ƒn thá»‹ má»¥c thá»© N báº¯t Ä‘áº§u tá»« bÃªn trÃ¡i danh sÃ¡ch Ä‘Æ°á»£c hiá»ƒn thá»‹ báº±ng Â« dirs Â» khi Ä‘Æ°á»£c gá»i mÃ khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra tÃ¹y chá»n, báº¯t Ä‘áº§u tá»« sá»‘ khÃ´ng. -N hiá»ƒn thá»‹ má»¥c thá»© N báº¯t Ä‘áº§u tá»« bÃªn pháº£i danh sÃ¡ch Ä‘Æ°á»£c hiá»ƒn thá»‹ báº±ng Â« dirs Â» khi Ä‘Æ°á»£c gá»i mÃ khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra tÃ¹y chá»n, báº¯t Ä‘áº§u tá»« sá»‘ khÃ´ng. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra tÃ¹y chá»n sai hay gáº·p lá»—i.Hiá»ƒn thá»‹ thÃ´ng tin vá» cÃ¡c cÃ¢u lá»‡nh dá»±ng sáºµn. Hiá»ƒn thá»‹ báº£n tÃ³m táº¯t ngáº¯n vá» cÃ¡c cÃ¢u lá»‡nh dá»±ng sáºµn. Náº¿u cÅ©ng ghi rÃµ MáºªU thÃ¬ in ra trá»£ giÃºp chi tiáº¿t vá» táº¥t cáº£ cÃ¡c cÃ¢u lá»‡nh tÆ°Æ¡ng á»©ng vá»›i máº«u Ä‘Ã³ ; khÃ´ng thÃ¬ in ra danh sÃ¡ch cÃ¡c chá»§ Ä‘á» trá»£ giÃºp. TÃ¹y chá»n: -d xuáº¥t mÃ´ táº£ ngáº¯n vá» má»—i chá»§ Ä‘á» -m hiá»ƒn thá»‹ cÃ¡ch sá» dá»¥ng theo Ä‘á»‹nh dáº¡ng kiá»ƒu trang hÆ°á»›ng dáº«n (man) -s xuáº¥t chá»‰ má»™t báº£n tÃ³m táº¯t ngáº¯n vá» cÃ¡ch sá» dá»¥ng cho má»—i chá»§ Ä‘á» tÆ°Æ¡ng á»©ng vá»›i MáºªU Äá»‘i sá»‘ : MáºªU máº«u ghi rÃµ má»™t chá»§ Ä‘á» trá»£ giÃºp Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u tÃ¬m Ä‘Æ°á»£c MáºªU vÃ khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra tÃ¹y chá»n sai.Hiá»ƒn thá»‹ thÃ´ng tin vá» kiá»ƒu cÃ¢u lá»‡nh. Äá»‘i vá»›i má»—i TÃŠN, ngá»¥ Ã½ nÃ³ sáº½ Ä‘Æ°á»£c giáº£i thÃch nhÆ° tháº¿ nÃ o náº¿u nÃ³ Ä‘Æ°á»£c dÃ¹ng dÆ°á»›i dáº¡ng má»™t tÃªn cÃ¢u lá»‡nh. TÃ¹y chá»n: -a hiá»ƒn thá»‹ má»i vá»‹ trÃ chá»©a táºp tin thá»±c thi Ä‘Æ°á»£c cÃ³ TÃŠN; khÃ´ng Ä‘áº·t tÃ¹y chá»n Â« -p Â» thÃ¬ cÅ©ng bao gá»“m cÃ¡c bÃ danh, dá»±ng sáºµn vÃ chá»©c nÄƒng. -f thu há»“i tÃnh nÄƒng dÃ² tÃ¬m chá»©c nÄƒng trÃ¬nh bao -P Ã©p buá»™c tÃ¬m kiáº¿m ÄÆ¯á»œNG_DáºªN Ä‘á»‘i vá»›i má»—i TÃŠN, tháºm chÃ náº¿u nÃ³ lÃ bÃ danh, dá»±ng sáºµn hay chá»©c nÄƒng, vÃ tráº£ láº¡i tÃªn cá»§a táºp tin trÃªn Ä‘Ä©a mÃ sáº½ Ä‘Æ°á»£c thá»±c thi -p tráº£ láº¡i hoáº·c tÃªn cá»§a táºp tin trÃªn Ä‘Ä©a mÃ sáº½ Ä‘Æ°á»£c thá»±c thi, hoáº·c khÃ´ng tráº£ láº¡i gÃ¬ náº¿u cÃ¢u lá»‡nh Â« type -t TÃŠN Â» sáº½ khÃ´ng tráº£ láº¡i Â« file Â» (táºp tin). -t xuáº¥t má»™t tá»« riÃªng láº» mÃ má»™t cá»§a: â€¢ alias bÃ danh â€¢ keyword tá»« dÃ nh riÃªng cá»§a trÃ¬nh bao â€¢ function chá»©c nÄƒng cá»§a trÃ¬nh bao â€¢ builtin dá»±ng sáºµn cá»§a trÃ¬nh bao â€¢ file táºp tin trÃªn Ä‘Ä©a â€¢ (khÃ´ng gÃ¬) khÃ´ng tÃ¬m tháº¥y Äá»‘i sá»‘ : TÃŠN tÃªn cÃ¢u lá»‡nh cáº§n giáº£i thÃch. TrÃ¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u tÃ¬m tháº¥y táº¥t cáº£ cÃ¡c TÃŠN; khÃ´ng thÃ¬ bá»‹ lá»—i.Hiá»ƒn thá»‹ hoáº·c thá»±c thi cÃ¡c cÃ¢u lá»‡nh tá»« danh sÃ¡ch lÆ°á»£c sá». fc Ä‘Æ°á»£c dÃ¹ng Ä‘á»ƒ liá»‡t kÃª hoáº·c chá»‰nh sá»a vÃ thá»±c thi láº¡i cÃ¢u lá»‡nh tá»« danh sÃ¡ch lÆ°á»£c sá». Äáº¦U vÃ CUá»I cÃ³ thá»ƒ lÃ sá»‘ mÃ xÃ¡c Ä‘á»‹nh pháº¡m vi, hoáº·c Äáº¦U cÃ³ thá»ƒ lÃ má»™t chuá»—i Ä‘áº¡i diá»‡n cÃ¢u lá»‡nh vá»«a cháº¡y nháº¥t mÃ báº¯t Ä‘áº§u vá»›i chuá»—i Ä‘Ã³. TÃ¹y chá»n: -e ENAME chá»n trÃ¬nh soáº¡n tháº£o nÃ o cáº§n dÃ¹ng; máº·c Ä‘á»‹nh lÃ FCEDIT, sau Ä‘Ã³ EDITOR, sau Ä‘Ã³ vi -l liá»‡t kÃª cÃ¡c dÃ²ng thay vÃ o chá»‰nh sá»a -n liá»‡t kÃª mÃ khÃ´ng in ra sá»‘ thá»© tá»± dÃ²ng -r Ä‘áº£o ngÆ°á»£c thá»© tá»± cÃ¡c dÃ²ng (má»›i nháº¥t trÆ°á»›c) TÃ¹y theo Ä‘á»‹nh dáº¡ng Â« fc -s [máº«u=láº§n_láºp_láº¡i ...] [lá»‡nh] Â», cÃ¢u Lá»†NH Ä‘Æ°á»£c cháº¡y láº¡i sau khi thay tháº¿ CÅ¨ báº±ng Má»šI. CÅ©ng cÃ³ thá»ƒ sá» dá»¥ng bÃ danh cÃ³ Ãch Â« r='fc -s' Â», vÃ¬ tháº¿ viá»‡c gÃµ Â« r cc Â» sáº½ cháº¡y cÃ¢u lá»‡nh cuá»‘i cÃ¹ng mÃ báº¯t Ä‘áº§u vá»›i Â« cc Â», vÃ viá»‡c gÃµ Â« r Â» sáº½ Ä‘Æ¡n giáº£n cháº¡y láº¡i cÃ¢u lá»‡nh cuá»‘i cÃ¹ng. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng hay tráº¡ng thÃ¡i cá»§a cÃ¢u lá»‡nh Ä‘Æ°á»£c thá»±c thi; gáº·p lá»—i thÃ¬ khÃ¡c sá»‘ khÃ´ng.Hiá»ƒn thá»‹ hoáº·c thao tÃ¡c danh sÃ¡ch lÆ°á»£d sá». Hiá»ƒn thá»‹ danh sÃ¡ch lÆ°á»£c sá» vá»›i cÃ¡c sá»‘ thá»© tá»± dÃ²ng, cÅ©ng Ä‘áº·t dáº¥u sao Â« * Â» vÃ o trÆ°á»›c má»—i má»¥c nháºp bá»‹ sá»a Ä‘á»•i. Äá»‘i sá»‘ N thÃ¬ liá»‡t kÃª chá»‰ N má»¥c nháºp cuá»‘i cÃ¹ng. TÃ¹y chá»n: -c xoÃ¡ sáº¡ch danh sÃ¡ch lÆ°á»£c sá» báº±ng cÃ¡ch xoÃ¡ má»i má»¥c nháºp -d hiá»‡u xoÃ¡ má»¥c nháºp lÆ°á»£c sá» á»Ÿ hiá»‡u nÃ y -a phá»¥ thÃªm vÃ o táºp tin lÆ° á»£c sá» cÃ¡c dÃ²ng lÆ°á»£c sá» tá»« phiÃªn cháº¡y nÃ y -n Ä‘á»c má»i dÃ²ng lÆ°á»£c sá» chÆ°a Ä‘á»c tá»« táºp tin lÆ°á»£c sá» -r Ä‘á»c tÆ° lÆ°á»£c sá» vÃ phá»¥ thÃªm ná»™i dung vÃ o lÆ°á»£c sá» -w ghi lÆ°á»£c sá» hiá»‡n thá»i vÃ o táºp tin lÆ°á»£c sá» cÅ©ng phá»¥ thÃªm vÃ o danh sÃ¡ch lÆ°á»£c sá» -p má»Ÿ rá»™ng lÆ°á»£c sá» vá»›i má»—i Äá»I_Sá», vÃ hiá»ƒn thá»‹ káº¿t quáº£ mÃ khÃ´ng ghi nhá»› nÃ³ vÃ o danh sÃ¡ch lÆ°á»£c sá» -s phá»¥ thÃªm cÃ¡c Äá»I_Sá» vÃ o danh sÃ¡ch lÆ°á»£c sá» dÆ°á»›i dáº¡ng má»™t má»¥c nháºp riÃªng láº» ÄÆ°a ra TÃŠN_Táº¬P_TIN thÃ¬ nÃ³ Ä‘Æ°á»£c dÃ¹ng lÃ m táºp tin lÆ°á»£c sá». Náº¿u khÃ´ng, vÃ náº¿u $HISTFILE cÃ³ giÃ¡ trá»‹, thÃ¬ nÃ³ Ä‘Æ°á»£c dÃ¹ng; náº¿u $HISTFILE khÃ´ng cÃ³ giÃ¡ trá»‹ thÃ¬ dÃ¹ng Â« ~/.bash_history Â». Náº¿u biáº¿n $HISTTIMEFORMAT Ä‘Ã£ Ä‘Æ°á»£c Ä‘áº·t vÃ cÃ³ giÃ¡ trá»‹, thÃ¬ giÃ¡ trá»‹ Ä‘Ã³ Ä‘Æ°á»£c dÃ¹ng lÃ m chuá»—i Ä‘á»‹nh dáº¡ng cho strftime(3) in ra nhÃ£n thá»i gian tÆ°Æ¡ng á»©ng vá»›i má»—i má»¥c nháºp lÆ°á»£c sá» Ä‘Æ°á»£c hiá»ƒn thá»‹. KhÃ´ng thÃ¬ khÃ´ng in ra nhÃ£n thá»i gian. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u khÃ´ng gáº·p tÃ¹y chá»n sai hay gáº·p lá»—i.Hiá»ƒn thá»‹ hoáº·c Ä‘áº·t máº·t náº¡ cháº¿ Ä‘á»™ táºp tin. Äáº·t máº·t náº¡ (bá»™ lá»c) táº¡o táºp tin cá»§a ngÆ°á»i dÃ¹ng thÃ nh CHáº¾_Äá»˜. KhÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra CHáº¾_Äá»˜ thÃ¬ in ra giÃ¡ trá»‹ hiá»‡n thá»i cá»§a máº·t náº¡. Náº¿u CHáº¾_Äá»˜ báº¯t Ä‘áº§u vá»›i má»™t chá»¯ sá»‘, nÃ³ Ä‘Æ°á»£c Ä‘á»c lÃ má»™t sá»‘ bÃ¡t phÃ¢n; khÃ´ng thÃ¬ nÃ³ lÃ má»™t chuá»—i cháº¿ Ä‘á»™ tÆ°á»£ng trÆ°ng giá»‘ng nhÆ° chuá»—i Ä‘Æ°á»£c chmod(1) cháº¥p nháºn. TÃ¹y chá»n: -p khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra CHáº¾_Äá»˜ thÃ¬ xuáº¥t theo má»™t Ä‘á»‹nh dáº¡ng cÃ³ thá»ƒ Ä‘Æ°á»£c dÃ¹ng láº¡i lÃ m dá»¯ liá»‡u nháºp vÃ o -S lÃ m cho káº¿t xuáº¥t cÅ©ng tÆ°á»£ng trÆ°ng, khÃ´ng thÃ¬ xuáº¥t má»™t sá»‘ bÃ¡t phÃ¢n TrÃ¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u khÃ´ng cÃ³ CHáº¾_Äá»˜ sai hay tÃ¹y chá»n sai.Hiá»ƒn thá»‹ cÃ¡c viá»‡c Ä‘iá»n ná»‘t cÃ³ thá»ƒ lÃ m, phá»¥ thuá»™c vÃ o nhá»¯ng tÃ¹y chá»n. Dá»± Ä‘á»‹nh dÃ¹ng tá»« bÃªn trong má»™t chá»©c nÄƒng trÃ¬nh bao mÃ táº¡o cÃ¡c viá»‡c Ä‘iá»n ná»‘t cÃ³ thá»ƒ lÃ m. Náº¿u Ä‘Æ°a ra Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ Tá»ª váº«n tÃ¹y chá»n, thÃ¬ táº¡o cÃ¡c káº¿t quáº£ tÆ°Æ¡ng á»©ng vá»›i Tá»ª. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra tÃ¹y chá»n sai hay gáº·p lá»—i.Hiá»ƒn thá»‹ thá»i lÆ°á»£ng cháº¡y tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh. In ra thá»i lÆ°á»£ng cháº¡y trÃ¬nh bao (vÃ cÃ¡c tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh con) Ä‘á»‘i vá»›i há»‡ thá»‘ng vÃ má»—i ngÆ°á»i dÃ¹ng. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: LÃºc nÃ o cÅ©ng thÃ nh cÃ´ng.Hiá»ƒn thá»‹ tráº¡ng thÃ¡i cá»§a cÃ´ng viá»‡c. Liá»‡t kÃª cÃ¡c cÃ´ng viá»‡c Ä‘ang cháº¡y. Äáº¶C_Táº¢_CÃ”NG_VIá»†C háº¡n cháº¿ káº¿t xuáº¥t thÃ nh cÃ´ng viá»‡c Ä‘Ã³. KhÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra tÃ¹y chá»n thÃ¬ hiá»ƒn thá»‹ tráº¡ng thÃ¡i cá»§a má»i cÃ´ng viá»‡c Ä‘ang cháº¡y. TÃ¹y chá»n: -l liá»‡t kÃª cÃ¡c mÃ£ sá»‘ tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh, thÃªm vÃ o thÃ´ng tin bÃ¬nh thÆ°á»ng -n liá»‡t kÃª chá»‰ nhá»¯ng tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh Ä‘Ã£ thay Ä‘á»•i tráº¡ng thÃ¡i ká»ƒ tá»« láº§n thÃ´ng bÃ¡o cuá»‘i cÃ¹ng -s háº¡n cháº¿ káº¿t xuáº¥t thÃ nh nhá»¯ng cÃ´ng viá»‡c bá»‹ dá»«ng cháº¡y ÄÆ°a ra Â« -x Â» thÃ¬ cÃ¢u Lá»†NH Ä‘Æ°á»£c cháº¡y sau khi táº¥t cáº£ cÃ¡c Ä‘áº·c táº£ cÃ´ng viá»‡c mÃ xuáº¥t hiá»‡n trong cÃ¡c Äá»I_Sá» Ä‘Ã£ Ä‘Æ°á»£c thay tháº¿ báº±ng mÃ£ sá»‘ tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh cá»§a trÃ¬nh dáº«n Ä‘áº§u nhÃ³m tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh cá»§a cÃ´ng viá»‡c Ä‘Ã³. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u khÃ´ng gáº·p tÃ¹y chá»n sai hay gáº·p lá»—i. ÄÆ°a ra Â« -x Â» thÃ¬ tráº£ láº¡i tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t cá»§a cÃ¢u Lá»†NH.Hiá»ƒn thá»‹ danh sÃ¡ch cÃ¡c thÆ° má»¥c Ä‘Æ°á»£c nhá»› hiá»‡n thá»i. Lá»‡nh Â« pushd Â» thÃªm thÆ° má»¥c vÃ o danh sÃ¡ch nÃ y; Â« popd Â» nÃ¢ng thÆ° má»¥c lÃªn danh sÃ¡ch. TÃ¹y chá»n: -c gá»™t Ä‘á»‘ng thÆ° má»¥c báº±ng cÃ¡ch xoÃ¡ má»i pháº§n tá» -l Ä‘á»«ng in ra phiÃªn báº£n thÆ° má»¥c cÃ³ dáº¥u ngÃ£ náº±m trÆ°á»›c mÃ tÆ°Æ¡ng á»©ng vá»›i thÆ° má»¥c chÃnh cá»§a ngÆ°á»i dÃ¹ng -p in ra Ä‘á»‘ng thÆ° má»¥c má»—i dÃ²ng má»™t má»¥c -v in ra Ä‘á»‘ng thÆ° má»¥c má»—i dÃ²ng má»™t má»¥c cÃ³ vá»‹ trÃ Ä‘á»‘ng náº±m trÆ°á»›c Äá»‘i sá»‘ : +N hiá»ƒn thá»‹ má»¥c thá»© N Ä‘áº¿m tá»« bÃªn trÃ¡i danh sÃ¡ch hiá»ƒn thá»‹ theo thÆ° má»¥c khi khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra tÃ¹y chá»n, báº¯t Ä‘áº§u tá»« sá»‘ khÃ´ng. -N hiá»ƒn thá»‹ má»¥c thá»© N Ä‘áº¿m tá»« bÃªn pháº£i danh sÃ¡ch hiá»ƒn thá»‹ theo thÆ° má»¥c khi khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra tÃ¹y chá»n, báº¯t Ä‘áº§u tá»« sá»‘ khÃ´ng.HoÃ n táº¥tHoÃ n táº¥t(%d)CÃ¢u lá»‡nh EMTBáºt/táº¯t dá»±ng sáºµn trÃ¬nh bao. Báºt vÃ táº¯t cÃ¡c dá»±ng sáºµn trÃ¬nh bao. Chá»©c nÄƒng táº¯t thÃ¬ cho phÃ©p báº¡n thá»±c thi má»™t cÃ¢u lá»‡nh Ä‘Ä©a mÃ cÃ¹ng tÃªn vá»›i má»™t dá»±ng sáºµn trÃ¬nh bao, khÃ´ng cáº§n dÃ¹ng tÃªn Ä‘Æ°á»ng dáº«n Ä‘áº§y Ä‘á»§. TÃ¹y chá»n: -a in ra má»™t danh sÃ¡ch cÃ¡c dá»±ng sáº³n, cÅ©ng hiá»ƒn thá»‹ tráº¡ng thÃ¡i báºt/táº¯t -b táº¯t má»—i TÃŠN hoáº·c hiá»ƒn thá»‹ danh sÃ¡ch cÃ¡c dá»±ng sáºµn bá»‹ táº¯t -p in ra danh sÃ¡ch cÃ¡c dá»±ng sáºµn theo má»™t Ä‘á»‹nh dáº¡ng cÃ³ thá»ƒ dÃ¹ng láº¡i Ä‘Æ°á»£c -s in ra chá»‰ tÃªn má»—i dá»±ng sáºµn Posix Â« Ä‘áº·c biá»‡t Â» TÃ¹y chá»n Ä‘iá»u khiá»ƒn chá»©c nÄƒng náº¡p Ä‘á»™ng: -f náº¡p dá»±ng sáºµn TÃŠN tá»« Ä‘iá»u khiá»ƒn dÃ¹ng chung TÃŠN_Táº¬P_TIN -d gá»¡ bá» má»™t dá»±ng sáºµn Ä‘Æ°á»£c náº¡p dÃ¹ng Â« -f Â» KhÃ´ng cÃ³ tÃ¹y chá»n thÃ¬ má»—i TÃŠN Ä‘Æ°á»£c báºt láº¡i. Äá»ƒ sá» dá»¥ng Â« test Â» (hÃ m thá») náº±m trÃªn Ä‘Æ°á»ng dáº«n máº·c Ä‘á»‹nh $PATH thay cho phiÃªn báº£n cá»§a dá»±ng sáºµn trÃ¬nh bao, hÃ£y gÃµ chuá»—i Â« enable -n test Â». Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u TÃŠN lÃ má»™t dá»±ng sáºµn trÃ¬nh bao, vÃ khÃ´ng gáº·p lá»—i.Äá»‹nh giÃ¡ biá»ƒut thá»©c sá»‘ há»c. BIá»‚U_THá»¨C Ä‘Æ°á»£c tÃnh tÃ¹y theo cÃ¡c quy táº¯c vá» Ä‘á»‹nh giÃ¡ sá»‘ há»c. TÆ°Æ¡ng Ä‘Æ°Æ¡ng vá»›i Â« let BIá»‚U_THá»¨C Â». Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i 1 náº¿u BIá»‚U_THá»¨C tÃnh lÃ 0; khÃ´ng thÃ¬ tráº£ láº¡i 0.Äá»‹nh giÃ¡ biá»ƒu thá»©c sá»‘ há»c. Äá»‹nh giÃ¡ má»—i Äá»I_Sá» nhÆ° lÃ má»™t biá»ƒu thá»©c sá»‘ há»c. Viá»‡c Ä‘á»‹nh giÃ¡ xáº£y ra theo sá»‘ nguyÃªn cÃ³ Ä‘á»™ rá»™ng cá»‘ Ä‘á»‹nh mÃ khÃ´ng kiá»ƒm tra cÃ³ trÃ n chÆ°a, dÃ¹ trÆ°á»ng há»£p chia cho khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°á»£c báº¯t vÃ Ä‘áº·t cá» lÃ má»™t lá»—i. Theo Ä‘Ã¢y cÃ³ danh sÃ¡ch cÃ¡c toÃ¡n tá» Ä‘Æ°á»£c nhÃ³m láº¡i theo cáº¥p cÃ¡c toÃ¡n tá» cÃ¹ng quyá»n Ä‘i trÆ°á»›c. Danh sÃ¡ch cÃ¡c cáº¥p cÃ³ thá»© tá»± quyá»n Ä‘i trÆ°á»›c giáº£m. id++, id-- biáº¿n Ä‘á»•i sau khi tÄƒng/giáº£m dáº§n ++id, --id biáº¿n Ä‘á»•i trÆ°á»›c khi tÄƒng/giáº£m dáº§n -, + trá»«, cá»™ng nguyÃªn phÃ¢n !, ~ phá»§ Ä‘á»‹nh lÃ´gic vÃ theo vá»‹ trÃ bit ** mÅ© hoÃ¡ *, /, % phÃ©p nhÃ¢n, phÃ©p chia, sá»‘ dÆ° +, - phÃ©p cÃ´ng, phÃ©p trá»« <<, >> dá»i theo vá»‹ trÃ bit bÃªn trÃ¡i/pháº£i <=, >=, <, > so sÃ¡nh ==, != báº¥t Ä‘áº³ng thá»©c, Ä‘áº³ng thá»©c & AND (vÃ ) theo vá»‹ trÃ bit ^ XOR (hoáº·c loáº¡i tá»«) theo vá»‹ trÃ bit || OR (hoáº·c) theo vá»‹ trÃ bit b_thá»©c ? b_thá»©c : b_thá»©c toÃ¡n tá»« Ä‘iá»u kiá»‡n =, *=, /=, %=, +=, -=, <<=, >>=, &=, ^=, |= gÃ¡n Cho phÃ©p biáº¿n trÃ¬nh bao dÆ°á»›i dáº¡ng toÃ¡n háº¡ng. TÃªn cá»§a biáº¿n Ä‘Æ°á»£c thay tháº¿ báº±ng giÃ¡ trá»‹ cá»§a nÃ³ (bá»‹ Ã©p buá»™c thÃ nh má»™t sá»‘ nguyÃªn rá»™ng cá»‘ Ä‘á»‹nh) bÃªn trong má»™t biá»ƒu thá»©c. Biáº¿n khÃ´ng cáº§n cÃ³ thuá»™c tÃnh sá»‘ nguyÃªn Ä‘Æ°á»£c báºt Ä‘á»ƒ Ä‘Æ°á»£c dÃ¹ng lÃ m biá»ƒu thá»©c. CÃ¡c toÃ¡n tá» Ä‘Æ°á»£c Ä‘á»‹nh giÃ¡ theo thá»© tá»± quyá»n Ä‘i trÆ°á»›c. CÃ¡c biá»ƒu thá»©c con náº±m trong dáº¥u ngoáº·c váº«n cÃ²n Ä‘Æ°á»£c Ä‘á»‹nh giÃ¡ trÆ°á»›c tiÃªn, thÃ¬ cÃ³ quyá»n cao hÆ¡n cÃ¡c quy táº¯c Ä‘i trÆ°á»›c bÃªn trÃªn. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Náº¿u Äá»I_Sá» cuá»‘i cÃ¹ng Ä‘Æ°á»£c Ä‘á»‹nh giÃ¡ thÃ nh 0 thÃ¬ let tráº£ láº¡i 1; khÃ´ng thÃ¬ let tráº£ láº¡i 0.Äá»‹nh giÃ¡ biá»ƒu thá»©c Ä‘iá»u kiá»‡n. ThoÃ¡t vá»›i tráº¡ng thÃ¡i 0 (Ä‘Ãºng) hoáº·c 1 (sai), phá»¥ thuá»™c vÃ o phÃ©p tÃnh B_THá»¨C. Biá»ƒu thá»©c kiá»ƒu nguyÃªn phÃ¢n hoáº·c nhá»‹ phÃ¢n cÅ©ng Ä‘Æ°á»£c. Biá»ƒu thá»©c nguyÃªn phÃ¢n thÆ°á»ng dÃ¹ng Ä‘á»ƒ kiá»ƒm tra tráº¡ng thÃ¡i cá»§a táºp tin. CÅ©ng cÃ³ Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ chuá»—i, vÃ toÃ¡n tá» so sÃ¡nh thuá»™c sá»‘. ToÃ¡n tá» táºp tin: -a Táº¬P_TIN ÄÃºng náº¿u táºp tin cÃ³ pháº£i tá»“n táº¡i. -b Táº¬P_TIN ÄÃºng náº¿u táºp tin lÃ Ä‘áº·c biá»‡t vá» khá»‘i. -c Táº¬P_TIN ÄÃºng náº¿u táºp tin lÃ Ä‘áº·c biá»‡t vá» kÃ½ tá»±. -d Táº¬P_TIN ÄÃºng náº¿u táºp tin lÃ má»™t thÆ° má»¥c. -e Táº¬P_TIN ÄÃºng náº¿u táºp tin cÃ³ pháº£i tá»“n táº¡i. -f Táº¬P_TIN ÄÃºng náº¿u táºp tin cÃ³ pháº£i tá»“n táº¡i cÅ©ng lÃ má»™t táºp tin bÃ¬nh thÆ°á»ng. -g Táº¬P_TIN ÄÃºng náº¿u táºp tin lÃ set-group-id (Ä‘áº·t mÃ£ sá»‘ nhÃ³m). -h Táº¬P_TIN ÄÃºng náº¿u táºp tin lÃ má»™t liÃªn káº¿t tÆ°á»£ng trÆ°ng. -L Táº¬P_TIN ÄÃºng náº¿u táºp tin lÃ má»™t liÃªn káº¿t tÆ°á»£ng trÆ°ng. -k Táº¬P_TIN ÄÃºng náº¿u táºp tin cÃ³ bit Â« dÃnh Â» Ä‘Æ°á»£c Ä‘áº·t. -p Táº¬P_TIN ÄÃºng náº¿u táºp tin lÃ má»™t á»‘ng dáº«n Ä‘áº·t tÃªn. -r Táº¬P_TIN ÄÃºng náº¿u táºp tin cho báº¡n Ä‘á»c Ä‘Æ°á»£c. -s Táº¬P_TIN ÄÃºng náº¿u táºp tin cÃ³ pháº£i tá»“n táº¡i vÃ khÃ´ng pháº£i rá»—ng. -S Táº¬P_TIN ÄÃºng náº¿u táºp tin lÃ má»™t á»• cáº¯m. -t FD ÄÃºng náº¿u FD (bá»™ mÃ´ táº£ táºp tin) Ä‘Æ°á»£c má»Ÿ trÃªn thiáº¿t bá»‹ cuá»‘i. -u Táº¬P_TIN ÄÃºng náº¿u táºp tin is set-user-id. -w Táº¬P_TIN ÄÃºng náº¿u táºp tin cho báº¡n ghi vÃ o Ä‘Æ°á»£c. -x Táº¬P_TIN ÄÃºng náº¿u táºp tin cho báº¡n thá»±c hiá»‡n Ä‘Æ°á»£c. -O Táº¬P_TIN ÄÃºng náº¿u táºp tin Ä‘Æ°á»£c báº¡n sá»Ÿ há»¯u má»™t cÃ¡ch hiá»‡u quáº£. -G Táº¬P_TIN ÄÃºng náº¿u táºp tin Ä‘Æ°á»£c nhÃ³m cá»§a báº¡n sá»Ÿ há»¯u má»™t cÃ¡ch hiá»‡u quáº£. -N Táº¬P_TIN ÄÃºng náº¿u táºp tin Ä‘Ã£ bá»‹ sá»a Ä‘á»•i ká»ƒ tá»« láº§n Ä‘á»c cuá»‘i cÃ¹ng. Táº¬P_TIN1 -nt Táº¬P_TIN2 ÄÃºng náº¿u táºp tin 1 má»›i hÆ¡n táºp tin 2 (tÃ¹y theo ngÃ y sá»a Ä‘á»•i) Táº¬P_TIN1 -ot Táº¬P_TIN2 ÄÃºng náº¿u táºp tin 1 cÅ© hÆ¡n táºp tin 2. Táº¬P_TIN1 -ef Táº¬P_TIN2 ÄÃºng náº¿u táºp tin 1 lÃ má»™t liÃªn káº¿t cá»©ng tá»›i táºp tin 2. ToÃ¡n tá» chuá»—i: -z CHUá»–I ÄÃºng náº¿u chuá»—i rá»—ng. -n CHUá»–I CHUá»–I ÄÃºng náº¿u chuá»—i khÃ´ng rá»—ng. CHUá»–I1 = CHUá»–I2 ÄÃºng náº¿u hai chuá»—i trÃ¹ng nhau. CHUá»–I1 != CHUá»–I2 ÄÃºng náº¿u hai chuá»—i khÃ¡c nhau. CHUá»–I1 < CHUá»–I2 ÄÃºng náº¿u CHUá»–I1 sáº¯p xáº¿p Ä‘áº±ng trÆ°á»›c CHUá»–I2 theo thá»© tá»± tá»« Ä‘iá»ƒn. CHUá»–I1 > CHUá»–I2 ÄÃºng náº¿u CHUá»–I1 sáº¯p xáº¿p Ä‘áº±ng sau CHUá»–I2 theo thá»© tá»± tá»« Ä‘iá»ƒn. ToÃ¡n tá» khÃ¡c: -o TÃ™Y_CHá»ŒN ÄÃºng náº¿u tÃ¹y chá»n trÃ¬nh bao nÃ y Ä‘Ã£ Ä‘Æ°á»£c báºt. ! B_THá»¨C ÄÃºng náº¿u biá»ƒu thá»©c nÃ y khÃ´ng Ä‘Ãºng. B_THá»¨C1 -a B_THá»¨C2 ÄÃºng náº¿u cáº£ hai biá»ƒu thá»©c nÃ y lÃ Ä‘Ãºng. B_THá»¨C1 -o B_THá»¨C2 ÄÃºng náº¿u má»™t cá»§a hai biá»ƒu thá»©c nÃ y lÃ Ä‘Ãºng. Ä‘á»‘i_sá»‘1 OP Ä‘á»‘i_sá»‘2 PhÃ©p thá» sá»‘ há»c. OP lÃ má»™t cá»§a: -eq báº±ng -ne khÃ´ng báº±ng -lt nhá» hÆ¡n -le nhá» hÆ¡n hoáº·c báº±ng -gt lá»›n hÆ¡n -ge lá»›n hÆ¡n hoáº·c báº±ng Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u B_THá»¨C Ä‘á»‹nh giÃ¡ thÃ nh ÄÃºng; khÃ´ng thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u B_THá»¨C Ä‘á»‹nh giÃ¡ thÃ nh Sai hay Ä‘Æ°a ra Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ sai.Äá»‹nh giÃ¡ biá»ƒu thá»©c Ä‘iá»u kiá»‡n. ÄÃ¢y lÃ má»™t tá»« Ä‘á»“ng nghÄ©a vá»›i dá»±ng sáºµn Â« test Â», nhÆ°ng Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ cuá»‘i cÃ¹ng pháº£i lÃ má»™t Â« ] Â» nghÄ©a chá»¯, Ä‘á»• tÆ°Æ¡ng á»©ng vá»›i Â« [ Â» má»Ÿ.Thá»±c thi má»™t cÃ¢u lá»‡nh Ä‘Æ¡n giáº£n, hoáº·c hiá»ƒn thá»‹ thÃ´ng tin vá» cÃ¡c cÃ¢u lá»‡nh. Cháº¡y Lá»†NH vá»›i cÃ¡c Äá»I_Sá» thu há»“i chá»©c nÄƒng dÃ² tÃ¬m chá»©c nÄƒng trÃ¬nh bao, hoáº¡c hiá»ƒn thá»‹ thÃ´ng tin vá» cÃ¡c cÃ¢u Lá»†NH Ä‘Æ°á»£c ghi rÃµ. CÃ³ thá»ƒ Ä‘Æ°á»£c dÃ¹ng Ä‘á»ƒ gá»i cÃ¢u lá»‡nh trÃªn Ä‘Ä©a khi Ä‘Ã£ cÃ³ má»™t chá»©c nÄƒng cÃ¹ng tÃªn. TÃ¹y chá»n: -p dÃ¹ng má»™t giÃ¡ trá»‹ máº·c Ä‘á»‹nh cho ÄÆ¯á»œNG_DáºªN mÃ cháº¯c cháº¯n sáº½ tÃ¬m má»i tiá»‡n Ãch tiÃªu chuáº©n -v in ra mÃ´ táº£ vá» cÃ¢u Lá»†NH mÃ tÆ°Æ¡ng tá»± vá»›i dá»±ng sáºµn Â« type Â» (kiá»ƒu) -V in ra mÃ´ táº£ chi tiáº¿t hÆ¡n vá» má»—i cÃ¢u Lá»†NH Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t cá»§a cÃ¢u Lá»†NH, hoáº·c bá»‹ lá»—i náº¿u khÃ´ng tÃ¬m tháº¥y cÃ¢u Lá»†NH.Thá»±c thi cÃ¡c Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ dÆ°á»›i dáº¡ng má»™t cÃ¢u lá»‡nh trÃ¬nh bao. Phá»‘i há»£p cÃ¡c Äá»I_Sá» thÃ nh má»™t chuá»—i riÃªng láº», dÃ¹ng káº¿t quáº£ lÃ m dá»¯ liá»‡u nháºp vÃ o trÃ¬nh bao, vÃ thá»±c thi cÃ¡c cÃ¢u lá»‡nh káº¿t quáº£. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t cá»§a cÃ¢u lá»‡nh, hay thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u cÃ¢u lá»‡nh vÃ´ giÃ¡ trá»‹.Thá»±c thi cÃ¢u lá»‡nh miá»…n lÃ má»™t phÃ©p thá» khÃ´ng thÃ nh cÃ´ng. Má»Ÿ rá»™ng vÃ thá»±c thi cÃ¡c cÃ¢u Lá»†NH miá»…n lÃ cÃ¢u lá»‡nh cuá»‘i cÃ¹ng trong cÃ¡c cÃ¢u Lá»†NH Â« until Â» (Ä‘áº¿n khi) cÃ³ tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t khÃ¡c sá»‘ khÃ´ng. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i tráº¡ng thÃ¡i cá»§a cÃ¢u lá»‡nh cuá»‘i cÃ¹ng Ä‘Æ°á»£c cháº¡y.Thá»±c thi cÃ¢u lá»‡nh miá»…n lÃ má»™t phÃ©p thá» thÃ nh cÃ´ng. Má»Ÿ rá»™ng vÃ thá»±c thi cÃ¡c cÃ¢u Lá»†NH miá»…n lÃ cÃ¢u lá»‡nh cuá»‘i cÃ¹ng trong nhá»¯ng cÃ¢u Lá»†NH Â« while Â» (trong khi) cÃ³ tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t lÃ sá»‘ khÃ´ng. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i tráº¡ng thÃ¡i cá»§a cÃ¢u lá»‡nh cuá»‘i cÃ¹ng Ä‘Æ°á»£c cháº¡y.Thá»±c thi cÃ¢u lá»‡nh dá»±a vÃ o Ä‘iá»u kiá»‡n. Danh sÃ¡ch Â« if Lá»†NH Â» Ä‘Æ°á»£c thá»±c thi. Náº¿u tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t cá»§a nÃ³ lÃ sá»‘ khÃ´ng, thÃ¬ danh sÃ¡ch Â« then Lá»†NH Â» Ä‘Æ°á»£c thá»±c thi. KhÃ´ng thÃ¬ má»—i danh sÃ¡ch Â« elif Lá»†NH Â» Ä‘Æ°á»£c thá»±c thi láº§n lÆ°á»£t, vÃ náº¿u tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t cá»§a nÃ³ lÃ sá»‘ khÃ´ng, thÃ¬ danh sÃ¡ch Â« then Lá»†NH Â» tÆ°Æ¡ng á»©ng Ä‘Æ°á»£c thá»±c thi vÃ cÃ¢u lá»‡nh Â« náº¿u Â» (if) sáº½ cháº¡y xong. KhÃ´ng thÃ¬ danh sÃ¡ch Â« else Lá»†NH Â» Ä‘Æ°á»£c thá»±c thi, náº¿u cÃ³. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t cá»§a toÃ n bá»™ táº¡o dá»±ng lÃ tráº¡ng thÃ¡i cá»§a cÃ¢u lá»‡nh cuá»‘i cÃ¹ng Ä‘Æ°á»£c cháº¡y, hoáº·c sá»‘ khÃ´ng náº¿u khÃ´ng cÃ³ Ä‘iá»u kiá»‡n cÃ³ káº¿t quáº£ lÃ ÄÃºng. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i tráº¡ng thÃ¡i cá»§a cÃ¢u lá»‡nh cuá»‘i cÃ¹ng Ä‘Æ°á»£c cháº¡y.Thá»©c thi cÃ¢u lá»‡nh dá»±a vÃ o khá»›p máº«u. Thá»±c thi cÃ¡c cÃ¢u Lá»†NH má»™t cÃ¡ch chá»n lá»c, dá»±a vÃ o Tá»ª tÆ°Æ¡ng á»©ng vá»›i MáºªU. Nhiá»u máº«u Ä‘á»‹nh giá»›i báº±ng Â« | Â». Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i tráº¡ng thÃ¡i cá»§a cÃ¢u lá»‡nh cuá»‘i cÃ¹ng Ä‘Æ°á»£c cháº¡y.Thá»±c thi cÃ¢u lá»‡nh cho má»—i bá»™ pháºn trong má»™t danh sÃ¡ch. VÃ²ng láº·p Â« for Â» (cho) thÃ¬ thá»±c thi cÃ¢u lá»‡nh cho má»—i bá»™ pháºn trong má»™t danh sÃ¡ch cÃ¡c má»¥c. KhÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra Â« in CÃC_Tá»ª ... Â» thÃ¬ giáº£ sá» Â« in "$@" Â». Äá»‘i vá»›i má»—i pháº§n tá» trong CÃC_Tá»ª, TÃŠN Ä‘Æ°á»£c Ä‘áº·t thÃ nh pháº§n tá» Ä‘Ã³, vÃ cÃ¡c cÃ¢u Lá»†NH Ä‘Æ°á»£c thá»±c thi. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i tráº¡ng thÃ¡i cá»§a cÃ¢u lá»‡nh cuá»‘i cÃ¹ng Ä‘Æ°á»£c cháº¡y.Thá»±c thi cÃ¡c cÃ¢u lá»‡nh tá»« má»™t táºp tin trong trÃ¬nh bao Ä‘ang cháº¡y. Äá»c vÃ thá»±c thi cÃ¡c cÃ¢u lá»‡nh tá»« TÃŠN_Táº¬P_TIN trong trÃ¬nh bao Ä‘ang cháº¡y. Nhá»¯ng má»¥c nháºp trong $PATH Ä‘Æ°á»£c dÃ¹ng Ä‘á»ƒ tÃ¬m thÆ° má»¥c chá»©a tÃªn táºp tin nÃ y. ÄÆ°a ra Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ thÃ¬ má»—i Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ trá»Ÿ thÃ nh tham sá»‘ thuá»™c vá»‹ trÃ khi TÃŠN_Táº¬P_TIN Ä‘Æ°á»£c thá»±c thi. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i tráº¡ng thÃ¡i cá»§a cÃ¢u lá»‡nh cuá»‘i cÃ¹ng Ä‘Æ°á»£c thá»±c thi trong TÃŠN_Táº¬P_TIN; khÃ´ng thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u khÃ´ng thá»ƒ Ä‘á»c TÃŠN_Táº¬P_TIN.Thá»±c thi cÃ¢u lá»‡nh Ä‘iá»u kiá»‡n. Tráº£ vá» tráº¡ng thÃ¡i 0 hoáº·c 1, phá»¥ thuá»™c vÃ o phÃ©p tÃnh biá»ƒu thá»©c Ä‘iá»u kiá»‡n BIá»‚U_THá»¨C. Biá»ƒu thá»©c chá»©a cÃ¹ng nhá»¯ng nguyÃªn sÆ¡ Ä‘Æ°á»£c dÃ¹ng bá»Ÿi dá»±ng sáºµn Â« test Â», vÃ cÃ³ thá»ƒ Ä‘Æ°á»£c tá»• há»£p dÃ¹ng cÃ¡c toÃ¡n tá» theo Ä‘Ã¢y: ( BIá»‚U_THá»¨C ) Tráº£ vá» giÃ¡ trá»‹ cá»§a BIá»‚U_THá»¨C ! BIá»‚U_THá»¨C ÄÃºng náº¿u BIá»‚U_THá»¨C lÃ khÃ´ng Ä‘Ãºng; khÃ´ng thÃ¬ sai B_THá»¨C1 && B_THá»¨C2 ÄÃºng náº¿u cáº£ hai B_THá»¨C1 vÃ B_THá»¨C2 Ä‘á»u lÃ Ä‘Ãºng; khÃ´ng thÃ¬ sai B_THá»¨C1 || B_THá»¨C2 ÄÃºng náº¿u má»™t cá»§a B_THá»¨C1 vÃ B_THá»¨C2 lÃ Ä‘Ãºng; khÃ´ng thÃ¬ sai Khi dÃ¹ng toÃ¡n tá»« Â« == Â» vÃ Â« != Â», chuá»—i bÃªn pháº£i toÃ¡n tá» Ä‘Æ°á»£c dÃ¹ng lÃ m máº«u, vÃ thá»±c hiá»‡n chá»©c nÄƒng khá»›p máº«u. ToÃ¡n tá» Â« && Â» vÃ Â« || Â» khÃ´ng tÃnh B_THá»¨C2 náº¿u B_THá»¨C1 lÃ Ä‘á»§ Ä‘á»ƒ tÃnh giÃ¡ trá»‹ cá»§a biá»ƒu thá»©c. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: 0 hay 1 phá»¥ thuá»™c vÃ o giÃ¡ trá»‹ cá»§a BIá»‚U_THá»¨C.Cháº¡y dá»±ng sáºµn trÃ¬nh bao. Cháº¡y SHELL-BUILTIN (dá»±ng sáºµn trÃ¬nh bao) vá»›i cÃ¡c Äá»I_Sá» mÃ khÃ´ng thá»±c thi chá»©c nÄƒng dÃ² tÃ¬m cÃ¢u lá»‡nh. CÃ³ Ãch khi báº¡n muá»‘n thá»±c thi láº¡i má»™t dá»±ng sáºµn trÃ¬nh bao dÆ°á»›i dáº¡ng má»™t chá»©c nÄƒng trÃ¬nh bao, nhÆ°ng cÅ©ng cáº§n thá»±c thi dá»±ng sáºµn bÃªn trong chá»©c nÄƒng. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t cá»§a SHELL-BUILTIN, hoáº·c sai náº¿u SHELL-BUILTIN khÃ´ng pháº£i lÃ má»™t dá»±ng sáºµn trÃ¬nh bao.ThoÃ¡t %dThoÃ¡t khá»i má»™t trÃ¬nh bao Ä‘Äƒng nháºp. ThoÃ¡t khá»i má»™t trÃ¬nh bao Ä‘Äƒng nháºp, vá»›i tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t N. Tráº£ láº¡i lá»—i náº¿u khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°á»£c thá»±c thi trong trÃ¬nh bao Ä‘Äƒng nháºp.ThoÃ¡t khá»i vÃ²ng láº·p kiá»ƒu trong, trong khi hay Ä‘áº¿n khi. ThoÃ¡t khá»i má»™t vÃ²ng láº·p kiá»ƒu TRONG, TRONG KHI hay Äáº¾N KHI. CÃ³ ghi rÃµ N thÃ¬ ngáº¯t N vÃ²ng láº·p bao bá»c. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t lÃ 0 náº¿u N khÃ´ng nhá» hÆ¡n hay báº±ng 1.ThoÃ¡t khá»i trÃ¬nh bao. ThoÃ¡t khá»i trÃ¬nh bao vá»›i tráº¡ng thÃ¡i N. KhÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra N thÃ¬ tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t lÃ tráº¡ng thÃ¡i cá»§a cÃ¢u lá»‡nh cuá»‘i cÃ¹ng Ä‘Æ°á»£c cháº¡y.Giá»›i háº¡n táºp tinNgoáº¡i lá»‡ cháº¥m Ä‘á»™ngÄá»‹nh dáº¡ng vÃ in ra cÃ¡c Äá»I_Sá» tÃ¹y theo Äá»ŠNH_Dáº NG. TÃ¹y chá»n: -v BIáº¾N gÃ¡n káº¿t xuáº¥t cho biáº¿n trÃ¬nh bao nÃ y, hÆ¡n lÃ hiá»ƒn thá»‹ nÃ³ trÃªn Ä‘áº§u ra tiÃªu chuáº©n Äá»ŠNH_Dáº NG lÃ má»™t chuá»—i kÃ½ tá»± mÃ chá»©a ba kiá»ƒu Ä‘á»‘i tÆ°á»£ng: â€¢ kÃ½ tá»± bÃ¬nh thÆ°á»ng Ä‘Æ°á»£c sao chÃ©p sang Ä‘áº§u ra tiÃªu chuáº©n â€¢ dÃ£y kÃ½ tá»± thoÃ¡t 00 chuyá»ƒn Ä‘á»•i vÃ sao chÃ©p sang Ä‘áº§u ra tiÃªu chuáº©n Ä‘áº·c táº£ Ä‘á»‹nh dáº¡ng má»—i Ä‘áº·c táº£ gÃ¢y ra in Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ káº¿ tiáº¿p. ThÃªm vÃ o Ä‘áº·c táº£ Ä‘á»‹nh dáº¡ng tiÃªu chuáº©n Ä‘Æ°á»£c diá»…n táº£ trong printf(1) vÃ printf(3), printf Ä‘á»c Ä‘Æ°á»£c: %b má»Ÿ rá»™ng dÃ£y thoÃ¡t kiá»ƒu gáº¡ch chÃ©o ngÆ°á»£c trong Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ tÆ°Æ¡ng á»©ng %q trÃch dáº«n Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ báº±ng má»™t cÃ¡ch cÃ³ thá»ƒ dÃ¹ng láº¡i Ä‘Æ°á»£c lÃ m dá»¯ liá»‡u nháºp vÃ o trÃ¬nh bao Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra tÃ¹y chá»n sai hay gáº·p lá»—i kiá»ƒu ghi hay gÃ¡n.bash cá»§a GNU, phiÃªn báº£n %s (%s) bash cá»§a GNU, phiÃªn báº£n %s-(%s) TÃ¹y chá»n GNU dÃ i: NhÃ³m láº¡i cÃ¡c cÃ¢u lá»‡nh lÃ m cÃ¹ng má»™t Ä‘Æ¡n vá»‹. Cháº¡y má»™t táºp há»£p cÃ¡c cÃ¢u lá»‡nh trong cÃ¹ng má»™t nhÃ³m. ÄÃ¢y lÃ má»™t phÆ°Æ¡ng phÃ¡p chuyá»ƒn hÆ°á»›ng má»™t táºp há»£p cÃ¢u lá»‡nh hoÃ n toÃ n. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i tráº¡ng thÃ¡i cá»§a cÃ¢u lá»‡nh cuá»‘i cÃ¹ng Ä‘Æ°á»£c cháº¡y.Dá»¯ liá»‡u nháºp HFT bá»‹ hoÃ£nCÃ³ cháº¿ Ä‘á»™ mÃ n hÃ¬nh HFTKhÃ´ng cÃ³ cháº¿ Ä‘á»™ mÃ n hÃ¬nh HFTÄÃ£ hoÃ n thÃ nh chuá»—i Ã¢m thanh HFTChÆ°a Ä‘áº·t biáº¿n mÃ´i trÆ°á»ng HOME (nhÃ )Treo mÃ¡yKhÃ´ng cÃ³ tÃªn.V/R sáºµn sÃ ngCÃ¢u lá»‡nh khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°á»£c phÃ©pyÃªu cáº§u thÃ´ng tinGiÃ¡n Ä‘oáº¡nBá»‹ giáº¿tGiáº¥y phÃ©p GPLv3+: Giáº¥y PhÃ©p CÃ´ng Cá»™ng GNU phiÃªn báº£n 3 hay sau ÄÃ¡nh dáº¥u biáº¿n trÃ¬nh bao khÃ´ng thá»ƒ thay Ä‘á»•i Ä‘Æ°á»£c. ÄÃ¡nh dáº¥u má»—i TÃŠN lÃ chá»‰ Ä‘á»c; nhá»¯ng giÃ¡ trá»‹ cá»§a TÃŠN nhÆ° váºy thÃ¬ khÃ´ng thay Ä‘á»•i Ä‘Æ°á»£c báº¥t cháº¥p viá»‡c gÃ¡n theo sau. ÄÆ°a ra GIÃ_TRá»Š thÃ¬ gÃ¡n GIÃ_TRá»Š trÆ°á»›c khi Ä‘Ã¡nh dáº¥u lÃ chá»‰ Ä‘á»c. TÃ¹y chá»n: -a tham chiáº¿u Ä‘áº¿n biáº¿n kiá»ƒu máº£ng theo sá»‘ mÅ© -A tham chiáº¿u Ä‘áº¿n biáº¿n kiá»ƒu máº£ng káº¿t há»£p -f tham chiáº¿u Ä‘áº¿n chá»©c nÄƒng trÃ¬nh bao -p hiá»ƒn thá»‹ danh sÃ¡ch cÃ¡c biáº¿n vÃ chá»©c nÄƒng váº«n chá»‰ Ä‘á»c Äá»‘i sá»‘ Â« -- Â» thÃ¬ táº¯t chá»©c nÄƒng xá» lÃ½ tÃ¹y chá»n sau ná»¯a. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra tÃ¹y chá»n sai hay TÃŠN sai.Sá»a Ä‘á»•i cÃ¡c giá»›i háº¡n tÃ i nguyÃªn trÃ¬nh bao. Cung cáº¥p Ä‘iá»u khiá»ƒn vá»›i cÃ¡c tÃ i nguyÃªn sáºµn sÃ ng cho trÃ¬nh bao vÃ cÃ¡c tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh Ä‘Æ°á»£c nÃ³ táº¡o, trÃªn há»‡ thá»‘ng cho phÃ©p Ä‘iá»u khiá»ƒn nhÆ° váºy. TÃ¹y chá»n: -S dÃ¹ng giá»›i háº¡n tÃ i nguyÃªn Â« soft Â» (má»m) -H dÃ¹ng giá»›i háº¡n tÃ i nguyÃªn Â« hard Â» (cá»©ng) -a thÃ´ng bÃ¡o má»i giá»›i háº¡n hiá»‡n thá»i -b kÃch cá»¡ cá»§a vÃ¹ng Ä‘á»‡m á»• cáº¯m -c kÃch cá»¡ tá»‘i Ä‘a cá»§a táºp tin lÃµi Ä‘Æ°á»£c táº¡o -d kÃch cá»¡ tá»‘i Ä‘a cá»§a tá»«ng Ä‘oáº¡n dá»¯ liá»‡u cá»§a má»™t tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh -e má»©c Æ°u tiÃªn cao nháº¥t khi Ä‘á»‹nh thá»i (Â« nice Â») -f kÃch cá»¡ tá»‘i Ä‘a cá»§a cá»§a táºp tin Ä‘Æ°á»£c ghi bá»Ÿi trÃ¬nh bao vÃ cÃ¡c tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh con cá»§a nÃ³ -i sá»‘ tá»‘i Ä‘a cÃ¡c tÃn hiá»‡u bá»‹ hoÃ£n -l kÃch cá»¡ tá»‘i Ä‘a mÃ má»™t tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh cÃ³ thá»ƒ khoÃ¡ vÃ o bá»™ nhá»› -m kÃch cá»¡ tá»‘i Ä‘a cá»§a táºp há»£p ná»™i trÃº -n sá»‘ tá»‘i Ä‘a cÃ¡c bá»™ mÃ´ táº£ táºp tin cÃ²n má»Ÿ -p kÃch cá»¡ cá»§a vÃ¹ng Ä‘á»‡m á»‘ng dáº«n -q sá»‘ tá»‘i Ä‘a cÃ¡c byte trong hÃ ng Ä‘á»£i thÃ´ng Ä‘iá»‡p POSIX -r má»©c Æ°u tiÃªn cao nháº¥t khi Ä‘á»‹nh thá»i tháºt -s kÃch cá»¡ tá»‘i Ä‘a cá»§a Ä‘á»‘ng -t thá»i gian CPU lÃ¢u nháº¥t, theo giÃ¢y -u sá»‘ tá»‘i Ä‘a cÃ¡c tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh cá»§a ngÆ°á»i dÃ¹ng -v kÃch cá»¡ cá»§a bá»™ nhá»› áº£o sá»‘ tá»‘i Ä‘a cÃ¡c khoÃ¡ táºp tin Náº¿u Ä‘Æ°a ra GIá»šI_Háº N thÃ¬ nÃ³ lÃ giÃ¡ trá»‹ má»›i cá»§a tÃ i nguyÃªn Ä‘Æ°á»£c ghi rÃµ ; cÅ©ng cÃ³ ba giÃ¡ trá»‹ GIá»šI_Háº N Ä‘áº·c biá»‡t: â€¢ soft giá»›i háº¡n má»m hiá»‡n thá»i â€¢ hard giá»›i háº¡n cá»©ng hiá»‡n thá»i â€¢ unlimited vÃ´ háº¡n KhÃ´ng thÃ¬ in ra giÃ¡ trá»‹ hiá»‡n thá»i cá»§a tÃ i nguyÃªn Ä‘Æ°á»£c ghi rÃµ. KhÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra tÃ¹y chá»n thÃ¬ giáº£ sá» Â« -f Â». GiÃ¡ trá»‹ Ä‘Æ°á»£c ghi rÃµ theo bÆ°á»›c 1024-byte, trá»« : â€¢ -t theo giÃ¢y â€¢ -p theo bÆ°á»›c 512-byte â€¢ -u sá»‘ cÃ¡c tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh khÃ´ng theo tá»· lá»‡ Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra tÃ¹y chá»n sai hay gáº·p lá»—i.NÃ¢ng cÃ´ng viá»‡c lÃªn trÆ°á»›c. NÃ¢ng lÃªn trÆ°á»›c cÃ´ng viá»‡c Ä‘Æ°á»£c Äáº¶C_Táº¢_CÃ”NG_VIá»†C Ä‘áº¡i diá»‡n, thÃ¬ lÃ m cho nÃ³ lÃ cÃ´ng viá»‡c hiá»‡n thá»i. KhÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra Äáº¶C_Táº¢_CÃ”NG_VIá»†C thÃ¬ dÃ¹ng cÃ´ng viá»‡c hiá»‡n thá»i tÃ¹y theo trÃ¬nh bao. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i cá»§a cÃ¢u lá»‡nh Ä‘Æ°á»£c nÃ¢ng lÃªn trÆ°á»›c; gáº·p lá»—i thÃ¬ khÃ´ng thÃ nh cÃ´ng.Gá»i cÃ´ng viá»‡c ra sau. Gá»i ra sau cÃ¡c cÃ´ng viá»‡c Ä‘Æ°á»£c má»—i Äáº¶C_Táº¢_CÃ”NG_VIá»†C Ä‘áº¡i diá»‡n, nhÆ° lÃ cÃ´ng viá»‡c Ä‘Æ°á»£c báº¯t Ä‘áº§u vá»›i Â« & Â». KhÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra Äáº¶C_Táº¢_CÃ”NG_VIá»†C thÃ¬ dÃ¹ng cÃ´ng viá»‡c hiá»‡n thá»i tÃ¹y theo trÃ¬nh bao. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u chá»©c nÄƒng Ä‘iá»u khiá»ƒn cÃ´ng viá»‡c Ä‘Æ°á»£c báºt vÃ khÃ´ng gáº·p lá»—i.CÃ¢u lá»‡nh vÃ´ giÃ¡ trá»‹. KhÃ´ng cÃ³ hiá»‡u á»©ng: cÃ¢u lá»‡nh khÃ´ng lÃ m gÃ¬. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: LÃºc nÃ o cÅ©ng thÃ nh cÃ´ng.ChÆ°a Ä‘áº·t biáº¿n mÃ´i trÆ°á»ng OLDPWD (máºt kháº©u cÅ©)PhÃ¢n tÃch cÃº phÃ¡p cá»§a Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ tÃ¹y chá»n. Getopts Ä‘Æ°á»£c thá»§ tá»¥c trÃ¬nh bao dÃ¹ng Ä‘á»ƒ phÃ¢n tÃch cÃº phÃ¡p cá»§a tham sá»‘ thuá»™c vÃ trá»‹ dÆ°á»›i dáº¡ng tÃ¹y chá»n. OPTSTRING chá»©a nhá»¯ng chá»¯ tÃ¹y chá»n cáº§n nháºn ra; má»™t chá»¯ cÃ³ dáº¥u hai cháº¥m theo sau thÃ¬ tÃ¹y chá»n mong Ä‘á»£i má»™t Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘, mÃ nÃªn Ä‘á»‹nh giá»›i báº±ng khoáº£ng tráº¯ng. Má»—i láº§n Ä‘Æ°á»£c gá»i, getopts sáº½ Ä‘áº·t tÃ¹y chá»n káº¿ tiáº¿p vÃ o biáº¿n trÃ¬nh bao $name (cÅ©ng khá»Ÿi táº¡o tÃªn Ä‘Ã³ náº¿u nÃ³ chÆ°a tá»“n táº¡i) vÃ Ä‘áº·t chá»‰ má»¥c cá»§a Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ káº¿ tiáº¿p cáº§n xá» lÃ½ vÃ o biáº¿n trÃ¬nh bao OPTIND. OPTIND Ä‘Æ°á»£c sÆ¡ khá»Ÿi thÃ nh 1 má»—i láº§n trÃ¬nh bao hay má»™t vÄƒn lá»‡nh trÃ¬nh bao Ä‘Æ°á»£c gá»i. Khi má»™t tÃ¹y chá»n Ä‘Ã²i há»i má»™t Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘, getopts Ä‘áº·t Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ Ä‘Ã³ vÃ o biáº¿n trÃ¬nh bao OPTARG. getopts thÃ´ng bÃ¡o lá»—i báº±ng má»™t cá»§a hai cÃ¡ch. Náº¿u kÃ½ tá»± Ä‘áº§u tiÃªn cá»§a chuá»—i OPTSTRING lÃ dáº¥u hai cháº¥m, getopts dÃ¹ng chá»©c nÄƒng thÃ´ng bÃ¡o lá»—i má»™t cÃ¡ch im. Báº±ng cháº¿ Ä‘á»™ nÃ y, khÃ´ng in ra thÃ´ng Ä‘iá»‡p lá»—i nÃ o. Náº¿u gáº·p tÃ¹y chá»n sai thÃ¬ getopts Ä‘áº·t vÃ o OPTARG kÃ½ tá»± tÃ¹y chá»n Ä‘Æ°á»£c tÃ¬m. KhÃ´ng tÃ¬m tháº¥y Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ cáº§n thiáº¿t thÃ¬ getopts Ä‘áº·t má»™t dáº¥u hai cháº¥m vÃ o TÃŠN vÃ Ä‘áº·t OPTARG thÃ nh kÃ½ tá»± tÃ¹y chá»n Ä‘Æ°á»£c tÃ¬m. Náº¿u getopts khÃ´ng pháº£i á»Ÿ cháº¿ Ä‘á»™ im, vÃ gáº·p tÃ¹y chá»n sai, thÃ¬ getopts Ä‘áº·t má»™t dáº¥u há»i Â« ? Â» vÃ o TÃŠN vÃ bá» Ä‘áº·t OPTARG. KhÃ´ng tÃ¬m tháº¥y tÃ¹y chá»n cáº§n thiáº¿t thÃ¬ Â« ? Â» Ä‘Æ°á»£c Ä‘áº·t vÃ o TÃŠN, OPTARG bá»‹ bá» Ä‘áº·t, vÃ in ra má»™t thÃ´ng Ä‘iá»‡p cháº©n Ä‘oÃ¡n. Náº¿u biáº¿n trÃ¬nh bao OPTERR cÃ³ giÃ¡ trá»‹ 0, thÃ¬ getopts táº¯t chá»©c nÄƒng in ra thÃ´ng Ä‘iá»‡p, tháºm chÃ náº¿u kÃ½ tá»± Ä‘áº§u tiÃªn cá»§a chuá»—i OPTSTRING khÃ´ng pháº£i lÃ dáº¥u hai cháº¥m. OPTERR cÃ³ giÃ¡ trá»‹ 1 theo máº·c Ä‘á»‹nh. Getopts bÃ¬nh thÆ°á»ng phÃ¢n tÃch cÃ¡ch tham sá»‘ thuá»™c vá»‹ trÃ ($0 - $9), nhÆ°ng náº¿u Ä‘Æ°a ra Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ bá»• sung, (cÃ¡c) Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ nÃ y Ä‘Æ°á»£c phÃ¢n tÃch Ä‘á»ƒ thay tháº¿. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u tÃ¬m tháº¥y má»™t tÃ¹y chá»n; khÃ´ng thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u gáº·p káº¿t thÃºc cÃ¡c tÃ¹y chá»n, hoáº·c náº¿u gáº·p lá»—i.In ra tÃªn cá»§a thÆ° má»¥c hoáº¡t Ä‘á»™ng hiá»‡n thá»i. TÃ¹y chá»n: -L in ra giÃ¡ trá»‹ cá»§a $PWD náº¿u nÃ³ Ä‘áº·t tÃªn cá»§a thÆ° má»¥c hoáº¡t Ä‘á»™ng hiá»‡n thá»i -P in ra thÆ° má»¥c váºt lÃ½, khÃ´ng cÃ³ liÃªn káº¿t má»m Máº·c Ä‘á»‹nh lÃ Â« pwd Â» hoáº¡t Ä‘á»™ng nhÆ° lÃ Â« -L Â» Ä‘Æ°á»£c ghi rÃµ. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i 0 náº¿u khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra tÃ¹y chá»n sai vÃ náº¿u Ä‘á»c Ä‘Æ°á»£c thÆ° má»¥c hiá»‡n thá»i.ThoÃ¡tÄá»c cÃ¡c dÃ²ng tá»« má»™t táºp tin vÃ o má»™t biáº¿n máº£ng. Äá»“ng nghÄ©a vá»›i Â« mapfile Â».Má»¥c ghi bá»‹ khoÃ¡Nhá»› hoáº·c hiá»ƒn thá»‹ vá»‹ trÃ cá»§a chÆ°Æ¡ng trÃ¬nh. XÃ¡c Ä‘á»‹nh vÃ ghi nhá»› tÃªn Ä‘Æ°á»ng dáº«n Ä‘áº§y Ä‘á»§ cá»§a má»—i TÃŠN cÃ¢u lá»‡nh. Náº¿u khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘, hiá»ƒn thá»‹ thÃ´ng tin vá» cÃ¡c cÃ¢u lá»‡nh Ä‘Æ°á»£c ghi nhá»›. TÃ¹y chá»n: -d quÃªn vá»‹ trÃ Ä‘Æ°á»£c ghi nhá»› cá»§a má»—i TÃŠN -l hiá»ƒn thá»‹ theo má»™t Ä‘á»‹nh dáº¡ng cÃ³ thá»ƒ Ä‘Æ°á»£c dÃ¹ng láº¡i dÆ°á»›i dáº¡ng dá»¯ liá»‡u nháºp vÃ o -p tÃªn_Ä‘Æ°á»ng_dáº«n dÃ¹ng TÃŠN_ÄÆ¯á»œNG_DáºªN lÃ tÃªn Ä‘Æ°á»ng dáº«n Ä‘áº§y Ä‘á»§ cá»§a TÃŠN -r quÃªn má»i vá»‹ trÃ Ä‘Æ°á»£c ghi nhá»› -t in ra vá»‹ trÃ Ä‘Æ°á»£c ghi nhá»› cá»§a má»—i TÃŠN, cÃ³ nhiá»u TÃŠN thÃ¬ cÅ©ng in ra TÃŠN tÆ°Æ¡ng á»©ng á»Ÿ trÆ°á»›c vá»‹ trÃ Äá»‘i sá»‘: TÃŠN má»—i TÃŠN Ä‘Æ°á»£c tÃ¬m theo Ä‘Æ°á»ng dáº«n máº·c Ä‘á»‹nh $PATH, vÃ Ä‘Æ°á»£c thÃªm vÃ o danh sÃ¡ch cÃ¡c cÃ¢u lá»‡nh Ä‘Æ°á»£c ghi nhá»›. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u tÃ¬m Ä‘Æ°á»£c TÃŠN vÃ khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra tÃ¹y chá»n sai.Gá»¡ bá» thÆ° má»¥c khá»i Ä‘á»‘ng. Gá»¡ bá» thÆ° má»¥c khá»i Ä‘á»‘ng thÆ° má»¥c. KhÃ´ng cÃ³ Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ thÃ¬ gá»¡ bá» thÆ° má»¥c Ä‘áº§u khá»i Ä‘á»‘ng, vÃ cd (chuyá»ƒn Ä‘á»•i thÆ° má»¥c) sang thÆ° má»¥c Ä‘áº§u má»›i. +N Gá»¡ bá» thÆ° má»¥c thá»© N (Ä‘áº¿m tá»« bÃªn trÃ¡i danh sÃ¡ch Ä‘Æ°á»£c hiá»ƒn thá»‹ báº±ng Â« dirs Â», báº¯t Ä‘áº§u tá»« sá»‘ khÃ´ng). VÃ dá»¥ : popd +0 gá»¡ bá» thÆ° má»¥c cuá»‘i cÃ¹ng popd +1 gá»¡ bá» thÆ° má»¥c thá»© hai. -N Gá»¡ bá» thÆ° má»¥c thá»© N (Ä‘áº¿m tá»« bÃªn pháº£i danh sÃ¡ch Ä‘Æ°á»£c hiá»ƒn thá»‹ báº±ng Â« dirs Â», báº¯t Ä‘áº§u tá»« sá»‘ khÃ´ng). VÃ dá»¥ : popd -0 gá»¡ bá» thÆ° má»¥c cuá»‘i cÃ¹ng popd -1 gá»¡ bá» thÆ° má»¥c giÃ¡p cuá»‘i. -n Thu há»“i chá»©c nÄƒng chuyá»ƒn Ä‘á»•i bÃ¬nh thÆ°á»ng khi gá»¡ bá» thÆ° má»¥c khá»i Ä‘á»‘ng, Ä‘á»ƒ thao tÃ¡c chá»‰ Ä‘á»‘ng. Dá»±ng sáºµn Â« dirs Â» thÃ¬ hiá»ƒn thá»‹ Ä‘á»‘ng thÆ° má»¥c. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ sai, cÅ©ng khÃ´ng sai chuyá»ƒn Ä‘á»•i thÆ° má»¥c.Gá»¡ bá» má»—i TÃŠN khá»i danh sÃ¡ch cÃ¡c bÃ danh Ä‘Ã£ xÃ¡c Ä‘á»‹nh. TÃ¹y chá»n: -a gá»¡ bá» táº¥t cáº£ cÃ¡c lá»i xÃ¡c Ä‘á»‹nh bÃ danh. Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u khÃ´ng cÃ³ TÃŠN lÃ má»™t bÃ danh khÃ´ng tá»“n táº¡i.Gá»¡ bá» cÃ´ng viá»‡c khá»i trÃ¬nh bao Ä‘ang cháº¡y. Gá»¡ bá» má»—i Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ JOBSPEC (Ä‘áº·c táº£ cÃ´ng viá»‡c) khá»i báº£ng cÃ¡c cÃ´ng viá»‡c Ä‘ang cháº¡y. KhÃ´ng cÃ³ JOBSPEC thÃ¬ trÃ¬nh bao dÃ¹ng thÃ´ng tin riÃªng vá» cÃ´ng viá»‡c Ä‘ang Ä‘ang cháº¡y. TÃ¹y chá»n: -a gá»¡ bá» má»i cÃ´ng viá»‡c náº¿u khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra JOBSPEC -h Ä‘Ã¡nh dáº¥u má»—i JOBSPEC Ä‘á»ƒ khÃ´ng gá»i tÃn hiá»‡u ngÆ°ng káº¿t ná»‘i SIGHUP cho cÃ´ng viá»‡c náº¿u trÃ¬nh bao nháºn Ä‘Æ°á»£c SIGHUP -r gá»¡ bá» chá»‰ nhá»¯ng cÃ´ng viá»‡c Ä‘ang cháº¡y Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra tÃ¹y chá»n sai hay JOBSPEC sai.Gá»¡ bá» thÆ° má»¥c khá»i Ä‘á»‘ng thÆ° má»¥c. KhÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ thÃ¬ gá»¡ bá» thÆ° má»¥c Ä‘áº§u khá»i Ä‘á»‘ng, vÃ chuyá»ƒn Ä‘á»•i sang thÆ° má»¥c Ä‘áº§u má»›i. TÃ¹y chá»n: -n thu há»“i chá»©c nÄƒng chuyá»ƒn Ä‘á»•i thÆ° má»¥c bÃ¬nh thÆ°á»ng khi gá»¡ bá» thÆ° má»¥c khá»i Ä‘á»‘ng, thÃ¬ chá»‰ thao tÃ¡c Ä‘á»‘ng chÃnh nÃ³. Äá»‘i sá»‘ : +N gá»¡ bá» má»¥c thá»© N Ä‘áº¿m tá»« bÃªn trÃ¡i danh sÃ¡ch hiá»ƒn thá»‹ báº±ng Â« dirs Â», báº¯t Ä‘áº§u tá»« sá»‘ khÃ´ng. VÃ dá»¥ : Â« popd +0 Â» sáº½ gá»¡ bá» thÆ° má»¥c Ä‘áº§u tiÃªn, Â« popd +1 Â» gá»¡ bá» thÆ° má»¥c thá»© hai, v.v. -N gá»¡ bá» má»¥c thá»© N Ä‘áº¿m tá»« bÃªn pháº£i danh sÃ¡ch hiá»ƒn thá»‹ báº±ng Â« dirs Â», báº¯t Ä‘áº§u tá»« sá»‘ khÃ´ng. VÃ dá»¥ : Â« popd -0 Â» sáº½ gá»¡ bá» thÆ° má»¥c cuá»‘i cÃ¹ng, Â« popd -1 Â» gá»¡ bá» thÆ° má»¥c giÃ¡p cuá»‘i, v.v. Dá»±ng sáºµn Â« dirs Â» sáº½ hiá»ƒn thá»‹ Ä‘á»‘ng thÆ° má»¥c.Thay tháº¿ trÃ¬nh bao báº±ng cÃ¢u lá»‡nh Ä‘Æ°a ra. Thá»±c thi cÃ¢u Lá»†NH, cÅ©ng thay tháº¿ trÃ¬nh bao nÃ y báº±ng chÆ°Æ¡ng trÃ¬nh Ä‘Æ°á»£c ghi rÃµ. CÃ¡c Äá»I_Sá» trá»Ÿ thÃ nh cÃ¡c Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ Ä‘á»‘i vá»›i cÃ¢u Lá»†NH. KhÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra cÃ¢u Lá»†NH thÃ¬ báº¥t cá»© viá»‡c chuyá»ƒn hÆ°á»›ng nÃ o sáº½ xáº£y ra trong trÃ¬nh bao Ä‘ang cháº¡y. TÃ¹y chá»n: -a tÃªn gá»i TÃŠN cho cÃ¢u Lá»†NH dÆ°á»›i dáº¡ng Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ thá»© khÃ´ng -c thá»±c thi cÃ¢u Lá»†NH vá»›i má»™t mÃ´i trÆ°á»ng trá»‘ng -l Ä‘áº·t má»™t dáº¥u gáº¡ch vÃ o Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ thá»© khÃ´ng Ä‘á»‘i vá»›i cÃ¢u Lá»†NH Náº¿u cÃ¢u Lá»†NH khÃ´ng thá»ƒ thá»±c thi Ä‘Æ°á»£c, má»™t trÃ¬nh bao khÃ´ng tÆ°Æ¡ng tÃ¡c sáº½ thoÃ¡t ra, náº¿u khÃ´ng Ä‘áº·t tÃ¹y chá»n trÃ¬nh bao Â« execfail Â». Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u tÃ¬m Ä‘Æ°á»£c cÃ¢u Lá»†NH vÃ khÃ´ng gáº·p lá»—i chuyá»ƒn hÆ°á»›ng.ThÃ´ng bÃ¡o thá»i gian Ä‘Æ°á»£c chiáº¿m khi á»‘ng dáº«n thá»±c thi. Thá»±c thi PIPELINE (á»‘ng dáº«n) vÃ in ra báº£n tÃ³m táº¯t thá»i gian tháºt, thá»i gian CPU cá»§a ngÆ°á»i dÃ¹ng, vÃ thá»i gian CPU cá»§a há»‡ thá»‘ng 00 chiáº¿m khi thá»±c thi á»‘ng dáº«n, khi á»‘ng dáº«n cháº¥m dá»©t. TÃ¹y chá»n: -p in ra báº£n tÃ³m táº¯t Ä‘áº¿m thá»i gian theo Ä‘á»‹nh dáº¡ng POSIX cÃ³ thá»ƒ mang theo GiÃ¡ trá»‹ cá»§a biáº¿n TIMEFORMAT (Ä‘á»‹nh dáº¡ng thá»i gian) Ä‘Æ°á»£c dÃ¹ng lÃ m Ä‘á»‹nh dáº¡ng káº¿t xuáº¥t. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i tráº£ lai lÃ tráº¡ng thÃ¡i tráº£ láº¡i cá»§a PIPELINE.Tiáº¿p tá»¥c láº¡i cháº¡y vÃ²ng láº·p kiá»ƒu trong, trong khi hay Ä‘áº¿n khi. Tiáº¿p tá»¥c láº¡i láº§n láº·p láº¡i káº¿ tiáº¿p cá»§a vÃ²ng láº·p bao bá»c kiá»ƒu TRONG, TRONG KHI hay Äáº¾N KHI. ÄÆ°a ra N thÃ¬ tiáº¿p tá»¥c cháº¡y vÃ²ng láº·p bao bá»c thá»© N. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t lÃ 0 náº¿u N khÃ´ng nhá» hÆ¡n hay báº±ng 1.Tiáº¿p tá»¥c láº¡i cÃ´ng viá»‡c á»Ÿ trÆ°á»›c. TÆ°Æ¡ng Ä‘Æ°Æ¡ng vá»›i Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ Äáº¶C_Táº¢_CÃ”NG_VIá»†C vá»›i cÃ¢u lá»‡nh Â« fg Â». Tiáº¿p tá»¥c lai má»™t cÃ´ng viá»‡c bá»‹ dá»«ng cháº¡y hay cháº¡y vá» ná»n. Äáº¶C_Táº¢_CÃ”NG_VIá»†C cÃ³ thá»ƒ ghi rÃµ hoáº·c má»™t tÃªn cÃ´ng viá»‡c, hoáº·c má»™t sá»‘ thá»© tá»± cÃ´ng viá»‡c. Äáº·t má»™t Â« & Â» theo sau Äáº¶C_Táº¢_CÃ”NG_VIá»†C sáº½ Ä‘áº·t cÃ´ng viá»‡c vá» ná»n, nhÆ° lÃ Ä‘áº·c táº£ cÃ´ng viá»‡c Ä‘Ã£ Ä‘Æ°á»£c cung cáº¥p dÆ°á»›i dáº¡ng má»™t Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ vá»›i Â« bg Â». Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i tráº¡ng thÃ¡i cá»§a cÃ´ng viá»‡c Ä‘Ã£ tiáº¿p tá»¥c láº¡i.Tráº£ láº¡i má»™t káº¿t quáº£ thÃ nh cÃ´ng. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: LÃºc nÃ o cÅ©ng thÃ nh cÃ´ng.Tráº£ vá» káº¿t quáº£ khÃ´ng thÃ nh cÃ´ng. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: LÃºc nÃ o cÅ©ng khÃ´ng thÃ nh cÃ´ng.Tráº£ láº¡i tá»« má»™t chá»©c nÄƒng trÃ¬nh bao. GÃ¢y ra má»™t chá»©c nÄƒng hay vÄƒn lá»‡nh tá»« nguá»“n sáº½ thoÃ¡t vá»›i giÃ¡ trá»‹ tráº£ láº¡i Ä‘Æ°á»£c N ghi rÃµ. KhÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra N thÃ¬ tráº¡ng thÃ¡i tráº£ láº¡i thuá»™c vá» cÃ¢u lá»‡nh cuá»‘i cÃ¹ng Ä‘Æ°á»£c cháº¡y bÃªn trong chá»©c nÄƒng hay vÄƒn lá»‡nh. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i N, hoáº·c bá»‹ lá»—i náº¿u trÃ¬nh bao khÃ´ng Ä‘ang cháº¡y má»™t chá»©c nÄƒng hay vÄƒn lá»‡nh.Tráº£ vá» ngá»¯ cáº£nh cá»§a cuá»™c gá»i hÃ m phá»¥ hiá»‡n thá»i. KhÃ´ng cÃ³ B_THá»¨C thÃ¬ tráº£ láº¡i Â« $line $filename Â». CÃ³ B_THá»¨C thÃ¬ tráº£ láº¡i Â« $line $subroutine $filename Â»; thÃ´ng tin thÃªm nÃ y cÃ³ thá»ƒ Ä‘Æ°á»£c dÃ¹ng Ä‘á»ƒ cung cáº¥p váº¿t Ä‘á»‘ng. GiÃ¡ trá»‹ cá»§a B_THá»¨C thÃ¬ ngá»¥ Ã½ bao nhiÃªu khung gá»i cáº§n lÃ¹i láº¡i Ä‘áº±ng trÆ°á»›c khung hiá»‡n táº¡i; khung Ä‘áº§u lÃ khung 0. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i 0 náº¿u trÃ¬nh bao Ä‘ang cháº¡y chá»©c nÄƒng trÃ¬nh bao, B_THá»¨C cÅ©ng há»£p lá»‡.Tráº£ láº¡i ngá»¯ cáº£nh cá»§a lá»i gá»i thÆ°á»ng trÃ¬nh con hiá»‡n thá»i. KhÃ´ng cÃ³ BTHá»°C thÃ¬ trÃ láº¡i Äang cháº¡yLá»—i chia ra tá»«ng Ä‘oáº¡nChá»n tá»« trong má»™t danh sÃ¡ch, vÃ thá»±c thi cÃ¢u lá»‡nh. WORDS Ä‘Æ°á»£c má»Ÿ rá»™ng, mÃ táº¡o má»™t danh sÃ¡ch cÃ¡c tá»«. Táºp há»£p cÃ¡c tá»« Ä‘Ã£ má»Ÿ rá»™ng Ä‘Æ°á»£c in trÃªn Ä‘áº§u lá»—i tiÃªu chuáº©n. má»—i tá»« cÃ³ con sá»‘ Ä‘i trÆ°á»›c. KhÃ´ng cÃ³ Â« in WORDS Â» thÃ¬ giáº£ sá» Â« in "$@" Â». Dáº¥u nháº¯c PS3 thÃ¬ Ä‘Æ°á»£c hiá»ƒn thá»‹, vÃ má»™t dÃ²ng Ä‘Æ°á»£c Ä‘á»c tá»« Ä‘áº§u vÃ o tiÃªu chuáº©n. Náº¿u dÃ²ng nÃ y lÃ sá»‘ tÆ°Æ¡ng á»©ng vá»›i má»™t cá»§a nhá»¯ng tá»« Ä‘Æ°á»£c hiá»ƒn thá»‹, TÃŠN sáº½ Ä‘Æ°á»£c Ä‘áº·t thÃ nh tá»« Ä‘Ã³. DÃ²ng rá»—ng thÃ¬ hiá»ƒn thá»‹ láº¡i WORDS vÃ dáº¥u nháº¯c. Äá»c káº¿t thÃºc táºp tin thÃ¬ cháº¡y xong cÃ¢u lá»‡nh Ä‘Ã³. Báº¥t cá»© giÃ¡ trá»‹ khÃ¡c nÃ o Ä‘Æ°á»£c Ä‘á»c sáº½ gÃ¢y ra TÃŠN Ä‘Æ°á»£c Ä‘áº·t thÃ nh vÃ´ giÃ¡ trá»‹. DÃ²ng Ä‘Æ°á»£c Ä‘á»c sáº½ Ä‘Æ°á»£c lÆ°u láº¡i vÃ o biáº¿n REPLY (tráº£ lá»i). CÃ¡c CÃ‚U_Lá»†NH Ä‘Æ°á»£c thá»±c hiá»‡n sau khi chá»n má»—i Ä‘á»“, Ä‘áº¿n khi má»™t lá»‡nh giÃ¡n Ä‘oáº¡n Ä‘Æ°á»£c thá»±c hiá»‡n. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i tráº¡ng thÃ¡i cá»§a cÃ¢u lá»‡nh cuá»‘i cÃ¹ng Ä‘Æ°á»£c cháº¡y.Gá»i má»™t tÃn hiá»‡u cho má»™t cÃ´ng viá»‡c. Gá»i cho nhá»¯ng tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh Ä‘Æ°á»£c mÃ£ sá»‘ hay Ä‘áº·c táº£ cÃ´ng viá»‡c Ä‘áº¡i diá»‡n tÃn hiá»‡u Ä‘Æ°á»£c SIGSPEC hay SIGNUM Ä‘Æ°á»£c Ä‘áº·t tÃªn. KhÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra SIGSPEC, cÅ©ng khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra SIGNUM, thÃ¬ giáº£ sá» SIGTERM. TÃ¹y chá»n: -s TTH TTH lÃ má»™t tÃªn tÃn hiá»‡u -n STH STH lÃ má»™t sá»‘ thá»© tá»± tÃn hiá»‡u -l liá»‡t kÃª cÃ¡c tÃªn tÃn hiá»‡u ; náº¿u cÃ³ Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ theo sau Â« -l Â», thÃ¬ giáº£ sá» má»—i Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ lÃ sá»‘ thá»© tá»± tin hiá»‡u cho Ä‘Ã³ nÃªn liá»‡t kÃª tÃªn Kill lÃ má»™t dá»±ng sáºµn trÃ¬nh bao vÃ¬ hai lÃ½ do : nÃ³ cho phÃ©p dÃ¹ng mÃ£ sá»‘ cÃ´ng viá»‡c thay cho mÃ£ sá»‘ tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh, vÃ cho phÃ©p giáº¿t tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh náº¿u tá»›i giá»›i háº¡n sá»‘ cÃ¡c tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh Ä‘Æ°á»£c phÃ©p táº¡o. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra tÃ¹y chá»n sai hay gáº·p lá»—i.Äáº·t cÃ¡c tá»• há»£p phÃm vÃ biáº¿n kiá»ƒu Readline. Tá»• há»£p má»™t dÃ£y phÃm vá»›i má»™t chá»©c nÄƒng hay vÄ© lá»‡nh kiá»ƒu Readline, hoáº·c Ä‘áº·t má»™t biáº¿n Readline. CÃº phÃ¡p Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ khÃ¡c tÃ¹y chá»n cÅ©ng tÆ°Æ¡ng Ä‘Æ°Æ¡ng vá»›i cÃº phÃ¡p trong Â« ~/.inputrc Â», nhÆ°ng pháº£i Ä‘Æ°á»£c gá»i dÆ°á»›i dáº¡ng má»™t Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ riÃªng láº». VÃ dá»¥ : bind '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. TÃ¹y chá»n: -m sÆ¡_Ä‘á»“_phÃm dÃ¹ng sÆ¡ Ä‘á»“ phÃm nÃ y lÃ m sÆ¡ Ä‘á»“ phÃm trong khoáº£ng thá»i gian cháº¡y cÃ¢u lá»‡nh nÃ y. TÃªn sÆ¡ Ä‘á»“ phÃm há»£p lá»‡: emacs, emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-move, vi-command, vi-insert -l liá»‡t kÃª cÃ¡c tÃªn chá»©c nÄƒng -P liá»‡t kÃª cÃ¡c tÃªn vÃ tá»• há»£p cá»§a chá»©c nÄƒng -p liá»‡t kÃª cÃ¡c chá»©c nÄƒng vÃ tá»• há»£p theo má»™t Ä‘á»‹nh dáº¡ng cÃ³ thá»ƒ dÃ¹ng láº¡i Ä‘Æ°á»£c lÃ m dá»¯ liá»‡u nháºp vÃ o -S liá»‡t kÃª cÃ¡c dÃ£y phÃm mÃ gá»i vÄ© lá»‡nh vÃ giÃ¡ trá»‹ tÆ°Æ¡ng á»©ng -S liá»‡t kÃª cÃ¡c dÃ£y phÃm mÃ gá»i vÄ© lá»‡nh vÃ giÃ¡ trá»‹ tÆ°Æ¡ng á»©ng theo má»™t Ä‘á»‹nh dáº¡ng cÃ³ thá»ƒ dÃ¹ng láº¡i Ä‘Æ°á»£c lÃ m dá»¯ liá»‡u nháºp vÃ o -q tÃªn_chá»©c_nÄƒng há»i nhá»¯ng phÃm nÃ o gá»i chá»©c nÄƒng nÃ y -u tÃªn_chá»©c_nÄƒng thÃ¡o tá»• há»£p táº¥t cáº£ cÃ¡c phÃm tá»• há»£p vá»›i chá»©c nÄƒng nÃ y -r dÃ£y_phÃm gá»¡ bá» tá»• há»£p Ä‘á»‘i vá»›i dÃ£y phÃm nÃ y -f tÃªn_táºp_tin Ä‘á»c cÃ¡c tá»• há»£p phÃm tá»« táºp tin nÃ y -x dÃ£y_phÃm:lá»‡nh_trÃ¬nh_bao cháº¡y cÃ¢u lá»‡nh trÃ¬nh bÃ o nÃ y khi dÃ£y phÃm nÃ y Ä‘Æ°á»£c nháºp vÃ o Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: bind tráº£ láº¡i 0 náº¿u khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra tÃ¹y chá»n khÃ´ng nháºn ra hay gáº·p lá»—i.Äáº·t vÃ bá» Ä‘áº·t cÃ¡c tÃ¹y chá»n trÃ¬nh bao. Thay Ä‘á»•i thiáº¿t láºp cá»§a má»—i tÃ¹y chá»n trÃ¬nh bao cÃ³ TÃŠN_TÃ™Y_CHá»ŒN. KhÃ´ng cÃ³ Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ tÃ¹y chá»n thÃ¬ liá»‡t kÃª táº¥t cáº£ cÃ¡c tÃ¹y chá»n trÃ¬nh bao, cÅ©ng ngá»¥ Ã½ má»—i tÃ¹y chá»n Ä‘Æ°á»£c Ä‘áº·t hay khÃ´ng. TÃ¹y chá»n: -o háº¡n cháº¿ TÃŠN_TÃ™Y_CHá»ŒN thÃ nh nhá»¯ng tÃªn Ä‘Æ°á»£c xÃ¡c Ä‘á»‹nh Ä‘á»ƒ sá» dá»¥ng vá»›i Â« set -o Â» -p in ra má»—i tÃ¹y chá»n trÃ¬nh bao, cÅ©ng ngá»¥ Ã½ tráº¡ng thÃ¡i cá»§a nÃ³ -q thu há»“i káº¿t xuáº¥t -u táº¯t (bá» Ä‘áº·t) má»—i TÃŠN_TÃ™Y_CHá»ŒN Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u TÃŠN_TÃ™Y_CHá»ŒN Ä‘Æ°á»£c báºt; khÃ´ng thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u Ä‘Æ°a ra tÃ¹y chá»n sai hay TÃŠN_TÃ™Y_CHá»ŒN bá»‹ táº¯t.Äáº·t thuá»™c tÃnh xuáº¥t kháº©u cho biáº¿n trÃ¬nh bao. ÄÃ¡nh dáº¥u má»—i TÃŠN Ä‘á»ƒ tá»± Ä‘á»™ng xuáº¥t vÃ o mÃ´i trÆ°á»ng cá»§a cÃ¢u lá»‡nh Ä‘Æ°á»£c cháº¡y vá» sau. ÄÆ°a ra GIÃ_TRá»Š thÃ¬ gÃ¡n GIÃ_TRá»Š trÆ°á»›c khi xuáº¥t ra. TÃ¹y chá»n: -f tham chiáº¿u Ä‘áº¿n chá»©c nÄƒng trÃ¬nh bao -n gá»¡ bá» thuá»™c tÃnh xuáº¥t kháº©u khá»i má»—i TÃŠN -p hiá»ƒn thá»‹ danh sÃ¡ch cÃ¡c biáº¿n vÃ chá»©c nÄƒng Ä‘á»u Ä‘Æ°á»£c xuáº¥t ra Äá»‘i sá»‘ Â« -- Â» thÃ¬ táº¯t chá»©c nÄƒng xá» lÃ½ tÃ¹y chá»n sau ná»¯a. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra tÃ¹y chá»n sai hay TÃŠN sai,Äáº·t hay bá» Ä‘áº·t giÃ¡ trá»‹ cá»§a tÃ¹y chá»n trÃ¬nh bao vÃ tham sá»‘ thuá»™c vá»‹ trÃ. Sá»a Ä‘á»•i giÃ¡ trá»‹ cá»§a thuá»™c tÃnh trÃ¬nh bao vÃ tham sá»‘ thuá»™c vá»‹ trÃ, hoáº·c hiá»ƒn thá»‹ tÃªn vÃ giÃ¡ trá»‹ cá»§a biáº¿n trÃ¬nh bao. TÃ¹y chá»n: -a Ä‘Ã¡nh dáº¥u cÃ¡c biáº¿n Ä‘Æ°á»£c táº¡o hay sá»a Ä‘á»•i Ä‘á»ƒ xuáº¥t ra -b thÃ´ng bÃ¡o ngay vá» cÃ´ng viá»‡c bá»‹ cháº¥m dá»©t -e thoÃ¡t ngay náº¿u cÃ¢u lá»‡nh thoÃ¡t vá»›i tráº¡ng thÃ¡i khÃ¡c sá»‘ khÃ´ng -f táº¯t chá»©c nÄƒng táº¡o tÃªn táºp tin (glob) -h nhá»› vá»‹ trÃ cá»§a má»—i cÃ¢u lá»‡nh khi nÃ³ Ä‘Æ°á»£c dÃ² tÃ¬m -k má»i Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ gÃ¡n Ä‘Æ°á»£c Ä‘áº·t vÃ o mÃ´i trÆ°á»ng cho má»™t cÃ¢u lá»‡nh, khÃ´ng pháº£i chá»‰ nhá»¯ng Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ náº±m trÆ°á»›c tÃªn cÃ¢u lá»‡nh -m báºt chá»©c nÄƒng Ä‘iá»u khiá»ƒn cÃ´ng viá»‡c -n Ä‘á»c cÃ¢u lá»‡nh mÃ khÃ´ng thá»±c thi -o tÃªn_tÃ¹y_chá»n Ä‘áº·t biáº¿n tÆ°Æ¡ng á»©ng vá»›i tÃ¹y chá»n nÃ y: â€¢ allexport báº±ng -a â€¢ braceexpand báº±ng -B â€¢ emacs dÃ¹ng má»™t giao diá»‡n chá»‰nh sá»a dÃ²ng kiá»ƒu emacs â€¢ errexit báº±ng -e â€¢ errtrace báº±ng -E â€¢ functrace báº±ng -T â€¢ hashall báº±ng -h â€¢ histexpand báº±ng -H â€¢ history báºt lÆ°á»£c sá» cÃ¢u lá»‡nh â€¢ ignoreeof trÃ¬nh bao sáº½ khÃ´ng thoÃ¡t khi Ä‘á»c kÃ½ tá»± káº¿t thÃºc táºp tin â€¢ interactive-comments cho phÃ©p ghi chÃº trong cÃ¢u lá»‡nh tÆ°Æ¡ng tÃ¡c â€¢ keyword báº±ng -k â€¢ monitor báº±ng -m â€¢ noclobber báº±ng -C â€¢ noexec báº±ng -n â€¢ noglob báº±ng -f â€¢ nolog hiá»‡n thá»i Ä‘Æ°á»£c cháº¥p nháºn nhÆ°ng bá»‹ bá» qua â€¢ notify báº±ng -b â€¢ nounset báº±ng -u â€¢ onecmd báº±ng -t â€¢ physical báº±ng -P â€¢ pipefail giÃ¡ trá»‹ tráº£ láº¡i cá»§a má»™t á»‘ng dáº«n lÃ tráº¡ng thÃ¡i cá»§a cÃ¢u lá»‡nh cuá»‘i cÃ¹ng thoÃ¡t vá»›i tráº¡ng thÃ¡i khÃ¡c sá»‘ khÃ´ng, hay sá»‘ khÃ´ng náº¿u khÃ´ng cÃ³ cÃ¢u lá»‡nh thoÃ¡t vá»›i tráº¡ng thÃ¡i khÃ¡c sá»‘ khÃ´ng â€¢ posix thay Ä‘á»•i á»©ng xá» cá»§a bash mÃ thao tÃ¡c máº·c Ä‘á»‹nh khÃ¡c vá»›i tiÃªu chuáº©n Posix, Ä‘á»ƒ tÃ¹y theo tiÃªu chuáº©n â€¢ privileged báº±ng -p â€¢ verbose báº±ng -v â€¢ vi dÃ¹ng má»™t giao diá»‡n chá»‰nh sá»a kiá»ƒu vi â€¢ xtrace báº±ng -x -p báºt khi nÃ o mÃ£ sá»‘ tháºt vÃ mÃ£ sá»‘ cÃ³ káº¿t quáº£ khÃ´ng tÆ°Æ¡ng á»©ng vá»›i nhau. Táº¯t tÃnh nÄƒng xá» lÃ½ táºp tin $ENV vÃ nháºp chá»©c nÄƒng trÃ¬nh bao. Viá»‡c táº¯t tÃ¹y chá»n nÃ y thÃ¬ gÃªy ra UID vÃ GID cÃ³ káº¿t quáº£ Ä‘Æ°á»£c Ä‘áº·t thÃ nh UID vÃ GID tháºt. -t thoÃ¡t sau khi Ä‘á»c vÃ thá»±c thi má»™t cÃ¢u lá»‡nh -u xá» lÃ½ biáº¿n chÆ°a Ä‘áº·t lÃ lá»—i khi thay tháº¿ -v in ra má»—i dÃ²ng nháºp vÃ o trÃ¬nh bao khi nÃ³ Ä‘Æ°á»£c Ä‘á»c -x in ra má»—i cÃ¢u lá»‡nh vÃ Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ tÆ°Æ¡ng á»©ng khi nÃ³ Ä‘Æ°á»£c thá»±c thi \t-B trÃ¬nh bao sáº½ má»Ÿ rá»™ng cÃ¡c dáº¥u ngoáº·c mÃ³c -C Ä‘áº·t thÃ¬ khÃ´ng cho phÃ©p ghi Ä‘á» lÃªn táºp tin bÃ¬nh thÆ°á»ng Ä‘Ã£ tá»“n táº¡i báº±ng cÃ¡ch chuyá»ƒn hÆ°á»›ng káº¿t xuáº¥t -E Ä‘áº·t thÃ¬ báº«y ERR Ä‘Æ°á»£c chá»©c nÄƒng trÃ¬nh bao káº¿ thá»«a -H báºt chá»©c nÄƒng thay tháº¿ kiá»ƒu ! Cá» nÃ y Ä‘Æ°á»£c Ä‘áº·t theo máº·c Ä‘á»‹nh khi trÃ¬nh bao tÆ°Æ¡ng tÃ¡c -P Ä‘áº·t thÃ¬ khÃ´ng theo liÃªn káº¿t tÆ°á»£ng trÆ°ng khi thá»±c thi cÃ¢u lá»‡nh nhÆ° cd mÃ chuyá»ƒn Ä‘á»•i thÆ° má»¥c hiá»‡n táº¡i -T Ä‘áº·t thÃ¬ báº©y DEBUG (gá»¡ lá»—i) Ä‘Æ°á»£c chá»©c nÄƒng trÃ¬nh bao káº¿ thá»«a - gÃ¡n báº¥t cá»© Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ cÃ²n láº¡i nÃ o cho nhá»¯ng tham sá»‘ thuá»™c vá»‹ trÃ. Hai tÃ¹y chá»n Â« -x Â» vÃ Â« -v Â» Ä‘á»u bá»‹ táº¯t. Viá»‡c dÃ¹ng Â« + Â» hÆ¡n lÃ Â« - Â» thÃ¬ gÃ¢y ra cÃ¡c cá» nÃ y bá»‹ táº¯t. CÃ¡c cá» cÅ©ng cÃ³ thá»ƒ Ä‘Æ°á»£c dÃ¹ng khi gá»i trÃ¬nh bao. CÅ©ng cÃ³ thá»ƒ tÃ¬m tháº¥y táºp cá» hiá»‡n thá»i trong Â« $- Â». CÃ¡c Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ cÃ²n láº¡i lÃ tham sá»‘ thuá»™c vá»‹ trÃ, vÃ Ä‘Æ°á»£c gÃ¡n (theo thá»© tá»±) cho $1, $2, .. $n. KhÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ thÃ¬ in ra má»i biáº¿n trÃ¬nh bao. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u khÃ´ng gáº·p tÃ¹y chá»n sai.Äáº·t cÃ¡c giÃ¡ trá»‹ vÃ thuá»™c tÃnh cá»§a biáº¿n. TuyÃªn bá»‘ má»—i biáº¿n vÃ gÃ¡n cho nÃ³ má»™t sá»‘ thuá»™c tÃnh. KhÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra TÃŠN thÃ¬ hiá»ƒn thá»‹ cÃ¡c thuá»™c tÃnh vÃ giÃ¡ trá»‹ cá»§a má»i giÃ¡ trá»‹. TÃ¹y chá»n: -f háº¡n cháº¿ hÃ nh Ä‘á»™ng, hoáº·c hiá»ƒn thá»‹ Ä‘á»‘i vá»›i tÃªn vÃ mÃ´ táº£ cá»§a chá»©c nÄƒng -F hiá»ƒn thá»‹ chá»‰ Ä‘á»‘i vá»›i tÃªn chá»©c nÄƒng (vÃ sá»‘ thá»© tá»± dÃ²ng vÃ táºp tin nguá»“n khi gá»¡ lá»—i) -p hiá»ƒn thá»‹ cÃ¡c thuá»™c tÃnh vÃ giÃ¡ trá»‹ cá»§a má»—i TÃŠN TÃ¹y chá»n cÅ©ng Ä‘áº·t thuá»™c tÃnh: -a Ä‘áº·t TÃŠN lÃ máº£ng theo sá»‘ mÅ© (náº¿u Ä‘Æ°á»£c há»— trá»£) -A Ä‘áº·t TÃŠN lÃ máº£ng káº¿t há»£p (náº¿u Ä‘Æ°á»£c há»— trá»£) -i Ä‘áº·t TÃŠN cÃ³ thuá»™c tÃnh Â« integer Â» (sá»‘ nguyÃªn) -l chuyá»ƒn Ä‘á»•i TÃŠN sang chá»¯ thÆ°á»ng khi Ä‘Æ°á»£c gÃ¡n -r Ä‘áº·t TÃŠN lÃ chá»‰ Ä‘á»c -t Ä‘áº·t TÃŠN cÃ³ thuá»™c tÃnh Â« trace Â» (theo váº¿t) -u chuyá»ƒn Ä‘á»•i TÃŠN sang chá»¯ hoa khi Ä‘Æ°á»£c gÃ¡n -x Ä‘áº·t TÃŠN xuáº¥t DÃ¹ng Â« + Â» thay cho Â« - Â» thÃ¬ táº¯t thuá»™c tÃnh Ä‘Æ°a ra. Biáº¿n cÃ³ thuá»™c tÃnh sá»‘ nguyÃªn thÃ¬ Ä‘á»‹nh giÃ¡ theo sá»‘ há»c (xem cÃ¢u lá»‡nh Â« let Â») khi biáº¿n cÃ³ giÃ¡ trá»‹ Ä‘Æ°á»£c gÃ¡n. Khi dÃ¹ng trong chá»©c nÄƒng, Â« declare Â» (tuyÃªn bá»‘) Ä‘áº·t TÃŠN lÃ cá»¥c bá»™, nhÆ° khi dÃ¹ng cÃ¢u lá»‡nh Â« local Â» (cá»¥c bá»™). Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra tÃ¹y chá»n sai hoáº·c gáº·p lá»—i.Äáº·t cÃ¡c giÃ¡ trá»‹ vÃ thuá»™c tÃnh cá»§a biáº¿n. QuÃ¡ cÅ©. Xem Â« help declare Â».CÃ¢u lá»‡nh trÃ¬nh bao tÆ°Æ¡ng á»©ng vá»›i tá»« khoÃ¡ `TÃ¹y chá»n trÃ¬nh bao : Dá»i tham sá»‘ thuá»™c vá»‹ trÃ. Thay Ä‘á»•i tÃªn cá»§a tham sá»‘ thuá»™c vá»‹ trÃ $N+1,$N+2 ... Ä‘áº¿n $1,$2 ... KhÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra N thÃ¬ giáº£ sá» nÃ³ lÃ 1. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u N khÃ´ng Ã¢m hay lá»›n hÆ¡n $#.TÃn hiá»‡u %dBá»‹ dá»«ngBá»‹ dá»«ng (tÃn hiá»‡u)Bá»‹ dá»«ng (tty nháºp)Bá»‹ dá»«ng (tty xuáº¥t)Bá»‹ dá»«ng(%s)NgÆ°ng cháº¡y trÃ¬nh bao. NgÆ°ng cháº¡y trÃ¬nh bao nÃ y Ä‘áº¿n khi nÃ³ nháºn tÃn hiá»‡u tiáº¿p tá»¥c (SIGCONT). Náº¿u khÃ´ng Ã©p buá»™c thÃ¬ khÃ´ng thá»ƒ ngÆ°ng cháº¡y trÃ¬nh bao kiá»ƒu Ä‘Äƒng nháºp. TÃ¹y chá»n: -f Ã©p buá»™c viá»‡c ngÆ°ng, tháºm chÃ náº¿u trÃ¬nh bao cÃ³ kiá»ƒu Ä‘Äƒng nháºp Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u chá»©c nÄƒng Ä‘iá»u khiá»ƒn cÃ´ng viá»‡c Ä‘Ã£ Ä‘Æ°á»£c báºt, vÃ khÃ´ng gáº·p lá»—i.Äá»ŠNH Dáº NG THá»œI GIAN: Â« %c Â»: kÃ½ tá»± Ä‘á»‹nh dáº¡ng khÃ´ng há»£p lá»‡Bá»‹ cháº¥m dá»©tThÆ° tÃn trong %s Ä‘Ã£ Ä‘Æ°á»£c Ä‘á»c Váº«n cÃ³ cÃ´ng viá»‡c Ä‘ang cháº¡y. Váº«n cÃ³ cÃ´ng viá»‡c bá»‹ dá»«ng. KHÃ”NG Báº¢O Äáº¢M GÃŒ Cáº¢, vá»›i Ä‘iá»u kiá»‡n Ä‘Æ°á»£c phÃ¡p luáºt cho phÃ©p. Nhá»¯ng cÃ¢u lá»‡nh trÃ¬nh bao nÃ y Ä‘Æ°á»£c xÃ¡c Ä‘á»‹nh ná»™i bá»™. HÃ£y gÃµ : â€¢ help Ä‘á»ƒ xem danh sÃ¡ch nÃ y. â€¢ info bash Ä‘á»ƒ tÃ¬m thÃªm thÃ´ng tin chung vá» trÃ¬nh bao. â€¢ man -k } â€¢ info } Ä‘á»ƒ tÃ¬m thÃªm thÃ´ng tin vá» lá»‡nh khÃ´ng cÃ³ trong danh sÃ¡ch nÃ y. Dáº¥u sao Â« * Â» bÃªn cáº¡nh tÃªn thÃ¬ ngá»¥ Ã½ nÃ³ bá»‹ táº¯t. ÄÃ¢y lÃ pháº§n má»m tá»± do thÃ¬ báº¡n cÃ³ quyá»n sá»a Ä‘á»•i vÃ phÃ¡t hÃ nh láº¡i nÃ³. Báº¯t cÃ¡c tÃn hiá»‡u vÃ dá»¯ kiá»‡n khÃ¡c. XÃ¡c Ä‘á»‹nh vÃ kÃch hoáº¡t cÃ¡c bá»™ xá» lÃ½ cáº§n cháº¡y khi trÃ¬nh bao nháºn Ä‘Æ°á»£c tÃn hiá»‡u hay Ä‘iá»u kiá»‡n khÃ¡c. Äá»I_Sá» lÃ má»™t cÃ¢u lá»‡nh cáº§n Ä‘á»c vÃ thá»±c thi khi trÃ¬nh bao nháºn Ä‘Æ°á»£c (cÃ¡c) tÃn hiá»‡u Äáº¶C_Táº¢_TÃN_HIá»†U. Náº¿u khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra Äá»I_Sá» (vÃ cung cáº¥p chá»‰ má»™t Äáº¶C_Táº¢_TÃN_HIá»†U riÃªng láº»), hoáº·c Ä‘Æ°a ra Â« - Â», má»—i tÃn hiá»‡u Ä‘Æ°á»£c ghi rÃµ thÃ¬ Ä‘Æ°á»£c Ä‘áº·t láº¡i vá» giÃ¡ trá»‹ gá»‘c. Náº¿u Äá»I_Sá» lÃ chuá»—i vÃ´ giÃ¡ trá»‹ thÃ¬ má»—i Äáº¶C_Táº¢_TÃN_HIá»†U bá»‹ bá» qua bá»Ÿi trÃ¬nh bao vÃ nhá»¯ng cÃ¢u lá»‡nh nÃ³ gá»i. Náº¿u Ä‘Æ°a ra má»™t Äáº¶C_Táº¢_TÃN_HIá»†U lÃ EXIT (0), thÃ¬ Äá»I_Sá» Ä‘Æ°á»£c thá»±c thi khi thoÃ¡t khá»i trÃ¬nh bao. Náº¿u Ä‘Æ°a ra má»™t Äáº¶C_Táº¢_TÃN_HIá»†U lÃ DEBUG, Äá»I_Sá» Ä‘Æ°á»£c thá»±c thi Ä‘áº±ng trÆ°á»›c má»—i cÃ¢u lá»‡nh Ä‘Æ¡n giáº£n. TÃ¹y chá»n: -l in ra danh sÃ¡ch cÃ¡c tÃªn tÃn hiá»‡u vÃ sá»‘ thá»© tá»± tÆ°Æ¡ng á»©ng -p hiá»ƒn thá»‹ cÃ¡c cÃ¢u lá»‡nh báº¯t tÆ°Æ¡ng á»©ng vá»›i má»—i Äáº¶C_Táº¢_TÃN_HIá»†U Má»—i Äáº¶C_Táº¢_TÃN_HIá»†U lÃ hoáº·c má»™t tÃªn tÃn hiá»‡u trong , hoáº·c má»™t sá»‘ thá»© tá»± tÃn hiá»‡u. TÃªn tÃn hiá»‡u khÃ´ng phÃ¢n biá»‡t chá»¯ hoa/thÆ°á»ng, vÃ khÃ´ng báº¯t buá»™c pháº£i dÃ¹ng tiá»n tá»‘ Â« SIG Â». CÃ³ thá»ƒ gá»i cho trÃ¬nh bao má»™t tÃn hiá»‡u, dÃ¹ng Â« kill -signal $$ Â». Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra Äáº¶C_Táº¢_TÃN_HIá»†U sai hay tÃ¹y chá»n sai.GÃµ cÃ¢u lá»‡nh trá»£ giÃºp Â« %s -c "help set" Â» Ä‘á»ƒ xem thÃªm thÃ´ng tin vá» cÃ¡c tÃ¹y chá»n trÃ¬nh bao. GÃµ cÃ¢u lá»‡nh trá»£ giÃºp Â« %s -c help Â» Ä‘á»ƒ xem thÃªm thÃ´ng tin vá» cÃ¡c cÃ¢u lá»‡nh trÃ¬nh bao dá»±ng sáºµn. KhÃ´ng rÃµ tÃn hiá»‡u #KhÃ´ng rÃµ tÃn hiá»‡u #%dLá»—i khÃ´ng rÃµKhÃ´ng rÃµ tráº¡ng thÃ¡iBá» Ä‘áº·t giÃ¡ trá»‹ vÃ thuá»™c tÃnh cá»§a biáº¿n vÃ chá»©c nÄƒng cá»§a trÃ¬nh bao. Äá»‘i vá»›i má»—i TÃŠN, gá»¡ bá» biáº¿n hay chá»©c nÄƒng mÃ tÆ°Æ¡ng á»©ng. TÃ¹y chá»n: -f Ä‘á»c má»—i TÃŠN dÆ°á»£i dáº¡ng má»™t chá»©c nÄƒng trÃ¬nh bao -v Ä‘á»c má»—i TÃŠN dÆ°á»£i dáº¡ng má»™t biáº¿n trÃ¬nh bao KhÃ´ng cÃ³ tÃ¹y chá»n thÃ¬ chá»©c nÄƒng bá» Ä‘áº·t sáº½ thá» bá» Ä‘áº·t má»™t biáº¿n, vÃ náº¿u khÃ´ng thÃ nh cÃ´ng, sau Ä‘Ã³ thá» bá» Ä‘áº·t má»™t chá»©c nÄƒng. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra tÃ¹y chá»n sai, vÃ TÃŠN khÃ´ng chá»‰ Ä‘á»c.Äiá»u kiá»‡n VR gáº¥pSá» dá»¥ng: %s [tÃ¹y chá»n GNU dÃ i] [tÃ¹y chá»n] ... %s [tÃ¹y chá»n GNU dÃ i] [tÃ¹y chá»n] táºp-tin-vÄƒn-lá»‡nh ... DÃ¹ng Â« %s Â» Ä‘á»ƒ rá»i trÃ¬nh bao. DÃ¹ng lá»‡nh Â« bashbug Â» Ä‘á»ƒ thÃ´ng bÃ¡o lá»—i. TÃn hiá»‡u ngÆ°á»i dÃ¹ng 1TÃn hiá»‡u ngÆ°á»i dÃ¹ng 2Äá»£i cÃ´ng viá»‡c cháº¡y xong, sau Ä‘Ã³ tráº£ láº¡i tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t. Äá»£i tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh Ä‘Æ°á»£c ID nháºn diá»‡n, mÃ cÃ³ thá»ƒ lÃ má»™t mÃ£ sá»‘ tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh hay má»™t Ä‘áº·c táº£ cÃ´ng viá»‡c, sau Ä‘Ã³ tráº£ láº¡i tráº¡ng thÃ¡i cháº¥m dá»©t cá»§a nÃ³. KhÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra ID thÃ¬ Ä‘á»£i táº¥t cáº£ cÃ¡c tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh con Ä‘ang cháº¡y, vÃ tráº¡ng thÃ¡i tráº£ láº¡i lÃ sá»‘ khÃ´ng. Náº¿u ID lÃ má»™t Ä‘áº·c táº£ cÃ´ng viá»‡c thÃ¬ Ä‘á»£i táº¥t cáº£ cÃ¡c tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh váº«n náº±m trong á»‘ng dáº«n cá»§a cÃ´ng viá»‡c Ä‘Ã³. TrÃ¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i tráº¡ng thÃ¡i cá»§a ID; khÃ´ng thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u ID sai hoáº·c Ä‘Æ°a ra tÃ¹y chá»n sai.Äá»£i tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh cháº¡y xong, sau Ä‘Ã³ thÃ´ng bÃ¡o tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t cá»§a nÃ³. Äá»£i tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh Ä‘Ã£ ghi rÃµ, sau Ä‘Ã³ thÃ´ng bÃ¡o tráº¡ng thÃ¡i cháº¥m dá»©t cá»§a nÃ³. Náº¿u khÃ´ng Ä‘Æ°a ra PID (mÃ£ sá»‘ tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh) thÃ¬ Ä‘á»£i táº¥t cáº£ cÃ¡c tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh con Ä‘ang cháº¡y, vÃ mÃ£ tráº£ láº¡i lÃ sá»‘ khÃ´ng. PID pháº£i lÃ má»™t mÃ£ sá»‘ tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh. Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i tráº¡ng thÃ¡i cá»§a ID (mÃ£ sá»‘); khÃ´ng thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u ID sai, hoáº·c náº¿u Ä‘Æ°a ra tÃ¹y chá»n sai.Cá»a sá»• bá»‹ thay Ä‘á»•iGhi cÃ¡c Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ vÃ o Ä‘áº§u ra tiÃªu chuáº©n Hiá»ƒn thá»‹ cÃ¡c Äá»I_Sá» trÃªn Ä‘áº§u ra tiÃªu chuáº©n vá»›i má»™t dÃ²ng má»›i theo sau. TÃ¹y chá»n: -n Ä‘á»«ng phá»¥ thÃªm má»™t dÃ²ng má»›i Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u khÃ´ng gáº·p lá»—i ghi.Ghi cÃ¡c Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ vÃ o Ä‘áº§u ra tiÃªu chuáº©n. Hiá»ƒn thá»‹ cÃ¡c Äá»I_Sá» trÃªn Ä‘áº§u ra tiÃªu chuáº©n, vá»›i má»™t kÃ½ tá»± dÃ²ng má»›i theo sau. TÃ¹y chá»n: -n Ä‘á»«ng phá»¥ thÃªm kÃ½ tá»± dÃ²ng má»›i -e báºt Ä‘á»c kÃ½ tá»± thoÃ¡t kiá»ƒu gáº¡ch chÃ©o ngÆ°á»£c mÃ theo sau -E thu há»“i dá»©t khoÃ¡t Ä‘á»c kÃ½ tá»± thoÃ¡t kiá»ƒu gáº¡ch chÃ©o ngÆ°á»£c Â« echo Â» Ä‘á»c nhá»¯ng kÃ½ tá»± thoÃ¡t nÃ y kiá»ƒu gáº¡ch chÃ©o ngÆ°á»£c: \a chuÃ´ng bÃ¡o \b xoÃ¡ lÃ¹i \c thu há»“i káº¿t xuáº¥t thÃªm ná»¯a \e kÃ½ tá»± thoÃ¡t \f náº¡p giáº¥y \n dÃ²ng má»›i \r xuá»‘ng dÃ²ng \0nnn kÃ½ tá»± cÃ³ mÃ£ ASCII NNN (1-3 chá»¯ sá»‘ bÃ¡t phÃ¢n) \xHH kÃ½ tá»± 8-bit cÃ³ giÃ¡ trá»‹ HH (1-2 chá»¯ sá»‘ tháºp lá»¥c) Tráº¡ng thÃ¡i thoÃ¡t: Tráº£ láº¡i thÃ nh cÃ´ng náº¿u khÃ´ng gáº·p lá»—i ghi. \t khoáº£ng tab theo chiá»u ngang \v khoáº£ng tab theo chiá»u dá»c \\ gáº¡ch chÃ©o ngÆ°á»£cBáº¡n cÃ³ thÆ° trong $_Báº¡n cÃ³ thÆ° má»›i trong $_[ Ä‘á»‘i_sá»‘ ... ][[ biá»ƒu_thá»©c ]]Â« %c Â»: cÃ¢u lá»‡nh saiÂ« %c Â»: kÃ½ tá»± Ä‘á»‹nh dáº¡ng khÃ´ng há»£p lá»‡Â« %c Â»: kÃ½ tá»± cháº¿ Ä‘á»™ tÆ°á»£ng trÆ°ng khÃ´ng há»£p lá»‡Â« %c Â»: toÃ¡n tá»« cháº¿ Ä‘á»™ tÆ°á»£ng trÆ°ng khÃ´ng há»£p lá»‡Â« %s Â»: khÃ´ng thá»ƒ há»§y tá»• há»£pÂ« %s Â»: tÃªn sÆ¡ Ä‘á»“ phÃm khÃ´ng há»£p lá»‡Â« %s Â»: thiáº¿u kÃ½ tá»± Ä‘á»‹nh dáº¡ngÂ« %s Â»: khÃ´ng pháº£i Ä‘áº·c táº£ há»£p lá»‡ cho PID hoáº·c cÃ´ng viá»‡cÂ« %s Â»: khÃ´ng pháº£i Ä‘á»“ nháºn diá»‡n há»£p lá»‡Â« %s Â»: tÃªn hÃ m khÃ´ng rÃµÄ‘á»£i dáº¥u ngoáº·c Ä‘Ã³ng Â« ) Â»Ä‘á»£i dáº¥u ngoáº·c Ä‘Ã³ng Â« ) Â», cÃ²n tÃ¬m %sÄ‘á»£i dáº¥u hai cháº¥m Â« : Â» cho biá»ƒu thá»©c Ä‘iá»u kiá»‡nadd_process: pid %5ld (%s) Ä‘Æ°á»£c Ä‘Ã¡nh dáº¥u váº«n hoáº¡t Ä‘á»™ngadd_process: tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh %5ld (%s) trong the_pipelinealias [-p] [tÃªn[=giÃ¡-trá»‹] ... ]all_local_variables: khÃ´ng cÃ³ ngá»¯ cáº£nh hÃ m á»Ÿ pháº¡m vi hiá»‡n thá»iÄ‘á»‘i sá»‘mong Ä‘á»£i Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘cáº§n thiáº¿t há»— trá»£ biáº¿n máº£ngthá» gÃ¡n cho Ä‘á»“ khÃ´ng pháº£i biáº¿nsai máº£ng in tháº¥pkiá»ƒu lá»‡nh saibá»™ káº¿t ná»‘i saisai nháº£ysai thay tháº¿: khÃ´ng cÃ³ Â« ` Â» Ä‘Ã³ng trong %ssai thay tháº¿: khÃ´ng cÃ³ Â« %s Â» Ä‘Ã³ng trong %sbash_execute_unix_command: khÃ´ng tÃ¬m tháº¥y sÆ¡ Ä‘á»“ phÃm cho cÃ¢u lá»‡nhbg [Ä‘áº·c_táº£_cÃ´ng_viá»‡c ...]bind [-lpvsPVS] [-m sÆ¡_Ä‘á»“_phÃm] [-f tÃªn_táºp_tin] [-q tÃªn] [-u tÃªn] [-r dÃ£y_phÃm] [-x dÃ£y_phÃm:lá»‡nh_trÃ¬nh_bao] [dÃ£y_phÃm:chá»©c_nÄƒng-readline hay lá»‡nh-readline]break [n]lá»—i (bug): hiá»‡u bÃ i áº¥n Ä‘á»‹nh biá»ƒu thá»©c saibuiltin [shell-builtin [arg ...]]caller [b_thá»©c]chá»‰ cÃ³ thá»ƒ Â« return Â» (trá»Ÿ vá») tá»« má»™t hÃ m hoáº·c vÄƒn lá»‡nh Ä‘Æ°á»£c gá»i tá»« nguá»“nchá»‰ cÃ³ thá»ƒ Ä‘Æ°á»£c dÃ¹ng trong má»™t hÃ mkhÃ´ng thá»ƒ cáº¥p phÃ¡t bá»™ mÃ´ táº£ táºp tin má»› cho dá»¯ liá»‡u nháºp bash tá»« fd %dkhÃ´ng thá»ƒ táº¡o táºp tin táº¡m thá»i cho tÃ i liá»‡u nÃ y: %skhÃ´ng thá»ƒ nhÃ¢n Ä‘Ã´i fd %d tá»›i fd %dkhÃ´ng thá»ƒ nhÃ¢n Ä‘Ã´i á»‘ng dáº«n Ä‘áº·t tÃªn %s thÃ nh fd %dkhÃ´ng tÃ¬m tháº¥y %s trong Ä‘á»‘i tÆ°á»£ng dÃ¹ng chung %s: %skhÃ´ng thá»ƒ táº¡o tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh con Ä‘á»ƒ thay tháº¿ lá»‡nhkhÃ´ng thá»ƒ táº¡o tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh con Ä‘á»ƒ thay tháº¿ tiáº¿n trÃ¬nhkhÃ´ng thá»ƒ táº¡o á»‘ng dáº«n Ä‘á»ƒ thay tháº¿ lá»‡nhkhÃ´ng thá»ƒ táº¡o á»‘ng dáº«n Ä‘á»ƒ thay tháº¿ tiáº¿n trÃ¬nhkhÃ´ng thá»ƒ má»Ÿ á»‘ng dáº«n Ä‘áº·t tÃªn %s Ä‘á»ƒ Ä‘á»ckhÃ´ng thá»ƒ má»Ÿ á»‘ng dáº«n Ä‘áº·t tÃªn %s Ä‘á»ƒ ghikhÃ´ng thá»ƒ má»Ÿ Ä‘á»‘i tÆ°á»£ng dÃ¹ng chung %s: %skhÃ´ng thá»ƒ chuyá»ƒn hÆ°á»›ng Ä‘áº§u vÃ o tiÃªu chuáº©n tá»« Â« /dev/null Â»: %skhÃ´ng thá»ƒ Ä‘áº·t láº¡i cháº¿ Ä‘á»™ nodelay (khÃ´ng hoÃ£n) cho fd %dkhÃ´ng thá»ƒ Ä‘á»“ng thá»i Ä‘áº·t vÃ há»§y Ä‘áº·t cÃ¡c tÃ¹y chá»n trÃ¬nh baokhÃ´ng thá»ƒ Ä‘áº·t nhÃ³m tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh cuá»‘i cÃ¹ng (%d)khÃ´ng thá»ƒ há»§y Ä‘áº·t Ä‘á»“ng thá»i má»™t hÃ m VÃ€ má»™t biáº¿nkhÃ´ng thá»ƒ ngÆ°ngkhÃ´ng thá»ƒ ngÆ°ng trÃ¬nh bao Ä‘Äƒng nháºpkhÃ´ng thá»ƒ dÃ¹ng Â« -f Â» Ä‘á»ƒ táº¡o hÃ mchá»‰ cÃ³ thá»ƒ dÃ¹ng má»™t cá»§a nhá»¯ng tÃ¹y chá»n Â« -a Â», Â« -n Â», Â« -r Â», Â« -w Â»case Tá»ª in [MáºªU [| MáºªU]...) cÃ¡c_CÃ‚U_Lá»†NH ;;]... esaccd [-L|-P] [tmá»¥c]setpgid tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh con (%ld thÃ nh %ld)command [-pVv] command [arg ...]command_substitute: khÃ´ng thá»ƒ nhÃ¢n Ä‘Ã´i á»‘ng dáº«n thÃ nh fd 1compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o tÃ¹y_chá»n] [-A hÃ nh_Ä‘á»™ng] [-G máº«u_glob] [-W danh_sÃ¡ch_tá»«] [-F hÃ m] [-C lá»‡nh] [-X máº«u_lá»c] [-P tiá»n_tá»‘] [-S háºu_tá»‘] [tá»«]completion: khÃ´ng tÃ¬m tháº¥y hÃ m Â« %s Â»Ä‘á»£i toÃ¡n tá» nhá»‹ phÃ¢n Ä‘iá»u kiá»‡ntiáº¿p tá»¥c [n]coproc [TÃŠN] command [Ä‘á»‹nh vá»‹ láº¡i]khÃ´ng tÃ¬m tháº¥y Â« /tmp Â», hÃ£y táº¡o.cprintf: Â« %c Â»: kÃ½ tá»± Ä‘á»‹nh dáº¡ng khÃ´ng há»£p lá»‡hiá»‡n thá»ideclare [-aAfFilrtux] [-p] [tÃªn[=giÃ¡_trá»‹] ...]Ä‘ang xoÃ¡ cÃ´ng viá»‡c bá»‹ dá»«ng cháº¡y %d vá»›i nhÃ³m tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh %lddescribe_pid: %ld: khÃ´ng cÃ³ PID (mÃ£ sá»‘ tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh) nhÆ° váºyÄ‘á»‘ng thÆ° má»¥c váº«n trá»‘ngchá»‰ má»¥c Ä‘á»‘ng thÆ° má»¥cdirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N]disown [-h] [-ar] [Ä‘áº·c_táº£_cÃ´ng_viá»‡c ...]chia cho khÃ´ngkhÃ´ng cÃ³ sáºµn chá»©c nÄƒng náº¡p Ä‘á»™ngecho [-n] [Ä‘á»‘i_sá»‘ ...]echo [-neE] [Ä‘á»‘i_sá»‘ ...]%s: tÃªn biáº¿n máº£ng váº«n trá»‘ngenable [-a] [-dnps] [-f tÃªn_táºp_tin] [tÃªn ...]gáº·p lá»—i khi láº¥y cÃ¡c thuá»™c tÃnh vá» thiáº¿t bá»‹ cuá»‘i: %sgáº·p lá»—i khi nháºp lá»i xÃ¡c Ä‘á»‹nh hÃ m cho Â« %s Â»gáº·p lá»—i khi Ä‘áº·t cÃ¡c thuá»™c tÃnh vá» thiáº¿t bá»‹ cuá»‘i: %seval [Ä‘á»‘i_sá»‘ ...]exec [-cl] [-a tÃªn] [lá»‡nh [Ä‘á»‘i_sá»‘ ...]] [chuyá»ƒn_hÆ°á»›ng ...]exit [n]Ä‘á»£i dáº¥u Ä‘Ã³ng ngoáº·c Â« ) Â»sá»‘ mÅ© nhá» hÆ¡n 0export [-fn] [tÃªn[=giÃ¡_trá»‹] ...] hay export -pÄ‘á»£i biá»ƒu thá»©cvÆ°á»£t quÃ¡ giá»›i háº¡n má»©c Ä‘á»™ Ä‘á»‡ quy cá»§a biá»ƒu thá»©csaifc [-e tÃªn-e] [-lnr] [Ä‘áº§u] [cuá»‘i] hay fc -s [máº«u=láºp_láº¡i] [lá»‡nh]fg [Ä‘áº·c_táº£_cÃ´ng_viá»‡c]bá»™ mÃ´ táº£ táºp tin á»Ÿ ngoáº¡i pháº¡m vicáº§n thiáº¿t Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ tÃªn táºp tinfor (( exp1; exp2; exp3 )); do cÃ¡c_CÃ‚U_Lá»†NH; donefor TÃŠN [in CÃC-Tá»ª ... ;] do cÃ¡c_CÃ‚U_Lá»†NH; donetiáº¿n trÃ¬nh con Ä‘Ã£ táº¡o (PID %d) xuáº¥t hiá»‡n trong cÃ´ng viá»‡c Ä‘ang cháº¡y %dfree: Ä‘Ã£ Ä‘Æ°á»£c gá»i vá»›i Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ khá»‘i Ä‘Ã£ giáº£i phá»ngfree: Ä‘Ã£ Ä‘Æ°á»£c gá»i vá»›i Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ khá»‘i chÆ°a cáº¥p phÃ¡tfree: kÃch cá»¡ Ä‘oáº¡n Ä‘áº§u vÃ cuá»‘i khÃ´ng trÃ¹ngfree: phÃ¡t hiá»‡n sá»± trÃ n ngÆ°á»£c; mh_nbytes á»Ÿ ngoáº¡i pháº¡m vichá»©c_nÄƒng tÃªn { cÃ¡c_CÃ‚U_Lá»†NH ; } hay tÃªn () { cÃ¡c_CÃ‚U_Lá»†NH ; }getcwd: khÃ´ng thá»ƒ truy cáºp thÆ° má»¥c cáº¥p trÃªngetopts chuá»—i_tÃ¹y_chá»n tÃªn [Ä‘á»‘i_sá»‘]hash [-lr] [-p Ä‘Æ°á»ng_dáº«n] [-dt] [tÃªn ...]chá»©c nÄƒng táº¡o kÃ½ hiá»‡u lá»™n xá»™n bá»‹ táº¯ttÃ i liá»‡u nÃ y á»Ÿ dÃ²ng %d Ä‘á»‹nh giá»›i báº±ng káº¿t thÃºc táºp tin (mong Ä‘á»£i Â« %s Â»)history [-c] [-d hiá»‡u] [n] hay history -anrw [tÃªn_táºp_tin] hay history -ps Ä‘á»‘i_sá»‘ [Ä‘á»‘i_sá»‘...]vá»‹ trÃ lá»‹ch sá»Ä‘áº·c táº£ lá»‹ch sá»gá»i nhá»› lá»‡nh Ä‘á»£i Ä‘á»“ nháºn diá»‡n Ä‘áº±ng sau tÄƒng/giáº£m dáº§n sáºµnif cÃ¡c_CÃ‚U_Lá»†NH; then cÃ¡c_CÃ‚U_Lá»†NH; [ elif cÃ¡c_CÃ‚U_Lá»†NH; then cÃ¡c_CÃ‚U_Lá»†NH; ]... [ else cÃ¡c_CÃ‚U_Lá»†NH; ] fiinitialize_job_control: getpgrp bá»‹ lá»—iinitialize_job_control: ká»· luáºt dÃ²nginitialize_job_control: setpgidcÆ¡ sá»‘ (sá»‘ há»c) khÃ´ng há»£p lá»‡cÆ¡ sá»‘ khÃ´ng há»£p lá»‡sai kÃ½ tá»± %d trong chuá»—i exportstr cho %ssá»‘ tháºp lá»¥c khÃ´ng há»£p lá»‡sá»‘ khÃ´ng há»£p lá»‡sá»‘ bÃ¡t phÃ¢n khÃ´ng há»£p lá»‡sá»‘ thá»© tá»± tÃn hiá»‡u khÃ´ng há»£p lá»‡cÃ´ng viá»‡c %d Ä‘Ã£ khá»Ÿi cháº¡y mÃ khÃ´ng cÃ³ Ä‘iá»u khiá»ƒn cÃ´ng viá»‡cÄ‘áº·c_táº£_cÃ´ng_viá»‡c [&]jobs [-lnprs] [Ä‘áº·c_táº£_cÃ´ng_viá»‡c ...] hoáº·c jobs -x lá»‡nh [cÃ¡c_Ä‘á»‘i_sá»‘]kill [-s Ä‘áº·c_táº£_tÃn_hiá»‡u | -n sá»‘_tÃn_hiá»‡u | -Ä‘áº·c_táº£_tÃn_hiá»‡u] pid | Ä‘áº·c_táº£_cÃ´ng_viá»‡c ... hay kill -l [Ä‘áº·c_táº£_tÃn_hiá»‡u]cÃ¢u lá»‡nh cuá»‘i cÃ¹ng: %s let Ä‘á»‘i_sá»‘ [Ä‘á»‘i_sá»‘ ...]giá»›i háº¡ndÃ²ng %d:chÆ°a báºt sá»a Ä‘á»•i dÃ²nglocal [tÃ¹y_chá»n] tÃªn[=giÃ¡_trá»‹] ...Ä‘Äƒng xuáº¥t Ä‘Äƒng xuáº¥t [n]Ä‘áº¿m vÃ²ngmake_here_document: kiá»ƒu chá»‰ dáº«n sai %dmake_local_variable: khÃ´ng cÃ³ ngá»¯ cáº£nh hÃ m á»Ÿ pháº¡m vi hiá»‡n thá»imake_redirection: chá»‰ dáº«n chuyá»ƒn hÆ°á»›ng Â« %d Â» á»Ÿ ngoáº¡i pháº¡m vimalloc (cáº¥p phÃ¡t bá»™ nhá»›): khá»‘i bá»™ nhá»› dÃ nh riÃªng trÃªn danh sÃ¡ch cÃ¡c khá»‘i cÃ²n ráº£nh bá»‹ ghi vÃ omalloc (cáº¥p phÃ¡t bá»™ nhá»›): lá»—i kháº³ng Ä‘á»‹nh: %s mapfile [-n Ä‘áº¿m] [-O gá»‘c] [-s Ä‘áº¿m] [-t] [-u fd] [-C gá»i_ngÆ°á»£c] [-c lÆ°á»£ng] [máº£ng]chuyá»ƒn tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh sang CPU khÃ¡cthiáº¿u dáº¥u ngoáº·c Ä‘Ã³ng Â« ) Â»thiáº¿u dáº¥u ngoáº·c vá»¥ Ä‘Ã³ng Â« ] Â»thiáº¿u chá»¯ sá»‘ tháºp phÃ¢n cho \xkhÃ´ng há»— trá»£ thao tÃ¡c máº¡ngkhÃ´ng cÃ³ dáº¥u báº±ng Â« = Â» trong chuá»—i exportstr cho %sthiáº¿u Â« %c Â» Ä‘Ã³ng trong %skhÃ´ng tÃ¬m tháº¥y lá»‡nhkhÃ´ng cÃ³ chá»§ Ä‘á» trá»£ giÃºp tÆ°Æ¡ng á»©ng vá»›i Â« %s Â». HÃ£y thá» cÃ¢u lá»‡nh: â€¢ help help â€¢ man -k %s â€¢ info %skhÃ´ng cÃ³ Ä‘iá»u khiá»ƒn cÃ´ng viá»‡ckhÃ´ng cÃ³ Ä‘iá»u khiá»ƒn cÃ´ng viá»‡c trong trÃ¬nh bao nÃ ykhÃ´ng khá»›p: %skhÃ´ng cÃ³ thÆ° má»¥c khÃ¡ckhÃ´ng cho phÃ©p dÃ¹ng tÃ¹y chá»n thÃªm vá»›i Â« -x Â»hiá»‡n thá»i khÃ´ng thá»±c thi chá»©c nÄƒng Ä‘iá»n ná»‘tkhÃ´ng pháº£i trÃ¬nh bao Ä‘Äƒng nháºp: hÃ£y dÃ¹ng lá»‡nh Â« exit Â» (thoÃ¡t)sá»‘ bÃ¡t phÃ¢nchá»‰ cÃ³ nghÄ©a trong vÃ²ng láº·p: â€¢ for trong â€¢ while trong khi â€¢ until Ä‘áº¿n khilá»—i á»‘ng dáº«npop_scope: Ä‘áº§u cá»§a shell_variables (cÃ¡c biáº¿n trÃ¬nh bao) khÃ´ng pháº£i lÃ pháº¡m vi mÃ´i trÆ°á»ng táº¡m thá»ipop_var_context: Ä‘áº§u cá»§a shell_variables (cÃ¡c biáº¿n trÃ¬nh bao) khÃ´ng pháº£i lÃ ngá»¯ cáº£nh hÃ mpop_var_context: khÃ´ng cÃ³ ngá»¯ cáº£nh global_variables (cÃ¡c biáº¿n toÃ n cá»¥c)popd [-n] [+N | -N]sáº¯p bá»‹ cÃºp Ä‘iá»‡n Ä‘á»™t ngá»™tprint_command: bá»™ káº¿t ná»‘i sai Â« %d Â»printf [-v biáº¿n] Ä‘á»‹nh_dáº¡ng [Ä‘á»‘i_sá»‘]progcomp_insert: %s: NULL COMPSPEClá»—i láºp trÃ¬nhpushd [-n] [+N | -N | tmá»¥c]pwd [-LP]lá»—i Ä‘á»c: %d: %sreadarray [-n Ä‘áº¿m] [-O gá»‘c] [-s Ä‘áº¿m] [-t] [-u fd] [-C gá»i_ngÆ°á»£c] [-c lÆ°á»£ng] [máº£ng]readonly [-af] [tÃªn[=giÃ¡_trá»‹] ...] hay readonly -prealloc: Ä‘Ã£ Ä‘Æ°á»£c gá»i vá»›i Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘ khá»‘i chÆ°a cáº¥p phÃ¡trealloc: kÃch cá»¡ Ä‘oáº¡n Ä‘áº§u vÃ cuá»‘i khÃ´ng trÃ¹ngrealloc: phÃ¡t hiá»‡n sá»± trÃ n ngÆ°á»£c; mh_nbytes á»Ÿ ngoáº¡i pháº¡m vitrÃ¡n ngÆ°á»£c Ä‘á»‘ng Ä‘á»‡ quygáº·p lá»—i chuyá»ƒn hÆ°á»›ng nÃªn khÃ´ng thá»ƒ nhÃ¢n Ä‘Ã´i fdregister_alloc: %p Ä‘Ã£ cÃ³ trong báº£ng nhÆ° Ä‘Æ°á»£c cáº¥p phÃ¡t ? register_alloc: báº£ng cáº¥p phÃ¡t Ä‘áº§y vá»›i FIND_ALLOC? register_free: %p Ä‘Ã£ cÃ³ trong báº£ng nhÆ° cÃ²n ráº£nh ? bá»‹ háº¡n cháº¿return [n]run_pending_traps: giÃ¡ trá»‹ sai trong danh sÃ¡ch trap_list[%d]: %prun_pending_traps: bá»™ xá» lÃ½ tÃn hiá»‡u lÃ SIG_DFL, Ä‘ang gá»i láº¡i %d (%s) cho mÃ¬nhsave_bash_input: Ä‘Ã£ cÃ³ bá»™ Ä‘á»‡m cho fd má»›i %dselect TÃŠN [in CÃC-Tá»ª ... ;] do cÃ¡c_CÃ‚U_Lá»†NH; doneset [--abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o tÃ¹y_chá»n] [Ä‘á»‘i_sá»‘ ...]cáº¥p trÃ¬nh bao (%d) quÃ¡ cao nÃªn Ä‘áº·t láº¡i thÃ nh 1shift [n]Ä‘áº¿m dá»ishopt [-pqsu] [-o] [tÃ¹y_chá»n ...]sigprocmask: %d: thao tÃ¡c khÃ´ng há»£p lá»‡nguá»“n tÃªn_táºp_tin [Ä‘á»‘i_sá»‘ ...]start_pipeline: pgrp pipengÆ°ng [-f]lá»—i cÃº phÃ¡pgáº·p lá»—i cÃº phÃ¡p trong biá»ƒu thá»©c Ä‘iá»u kiá»‡ngáº·p lá»—i cÃº phÃ¡p trong biá»ƒu thá»©c Ä‘iá»u kiá»‡n: hiá»‡u bÃ i báº¥t thÆ°á»ng Â« %s Â»lá»—i cÃº phÃ¡p trong biá»ƒu thá»©cgáº·p lá»—i cÃº phÃ¡p gáº§n Â« %s Â»gáº·p lá»—i cÃº phÃ¡p á»Ÿ gáº§n hiá»‡u bÃ i báº¥t thÆ°á»ng Â« %s Â»lá»—i cÃº phÃ¡p: `((%s))'lá»—i cÃº phÃ¡p: dáº¥u cháº¥m pháº©y Â« ; Â» báº¥t thÆ°á»nglá»—i cÃº phÃ¡p: cáº§n thiáº¿t biá»ƒu thá»©c sá»‘ há»clá»—i cÃº phÃ¡p: toÃ¡n tá» sá»‘ há»c khÃ´ng há»£p lá»‡lá»—i cÃº phÃ¡p: Ä‘á»£i toÃ¡n háº¡nglá»—i cÃº phÃ¡p: káº¿t thÃºc táºp tin báº¥t thÆ°á»nghá»‡ thá»‘ng sáº¯p sá»¥p Ä‘á»•test [b_thá»©c]thá»i háº¡n [-p] á»‘ng dáº«nláº§nquÃ¡ nhiá»u Ä‘á»‘i sá»‘trap [-lp] [[Ä‘á»‘i_sá»‘] Ä‘áº·c_táº£_tÃn_hiá»‡u ...]trap_handler: tÃn hiá»‡u sai %dÄ‘Ãºngtype [-afptP] tÃªn [tÃªn ...]typeset [-aAfFilrtux] [-p] tÃªn[=giÃ¡_trá»‹] ...ulimit [-SHacdefilmnpqrstuvx] [giá»›i_háº¡n]umask [-p] [-S] [cháº¿_Ä‘á»™]unalias [-a] tÃªn [tÃªn ...]gáº·p káº¿t thÃºc táºp tin báº¥t thÆ°á»ng trong khi tÃ¬m Â« ]] Â»gáº·p káº¿t thÃºc táºp tin báº¥t thÆ°á»ng trong khi tÃ¬m Â« %c Â» tÆ°Æ¡ng á»©nggáº·p káº¿t thÃºc táºp tin báº¥t thÆ°á»ng trong khi tÃ¬m dáº¥u ngoáº·c Ä‘Ã³ng Â« ) Â» tÆ°Æ¡ng á»©ngÄ‘á»‘i sá»‘ báº¥t thÆ°á»ng Â« %s Â» tá»›i toÃ¡n tá» nhá»‹ phÃ¢n Ä‘iá»u kiá»‡nÄ‘á»‘i sá»‘ báº¥t thÆ°á»ng Â« %s Â» tá»›i toÃ¡n tá» nguyÃªn phÃ¢n Ä‘iá»u kiá»‡nÄ‘á»‘i sá»‘ báº¥t thÆ°á»ng tá»›i toÃ¡n tá» nhá»‹ phÃ¢n Ä‘iá»u kiá»‡nÄ‘á»‘i sá»‘ báº¥t thÆ°á»ng tá»›i toÃ¡n tá» nguyÃªn phÃ¢n Ä‘iá»u kiá»‡ngáº·p hiá»‡u bÃ i báº¥t thÆ°á»ng Â« %d Â» trong cÃ¢u lá»‡nh Ä‘iá»u kiá»‡ngáº·p hiá»‡u bÃ i báº¥t thÆ°á»ng Â« %c Â» trong cÃ¢u lá»‡nh Ä‘iá»u kiá»‡ngáº·p hiá»‡u bÃ i báº¥t thÆ°á»ng Â« %s Â» trong cÃ¢u lá»‡nh Ä‘iá»u kiá»‡nhiá»‡u bÃ i báº¥t thÆ°á»ng Â« %s Â» cÃ²n Ä‘á»£i toÃ¡n tá» nhá»‹ phÃ¢n Ä‘iá»u kiá»‡ngáº·p hiá»‡u bÃ i báº¥t thÆ°á»ng Â« %s Â», cÃ²n mong Ä‘á»£i dáº¥u ngoáº·c Ä‘Ã³ng Â« ) Â»khÃ´ng rÃµlá»—i lá»‡nh khÃ´ng rÃµunset [-f] [-v] [tÃªn ...]until cÃ¡c_CÃ‚U_Lá»†NH; do cÃ¡c_CÃ‚U_Lá»†NH; donecÆ¡ sá»‘ cÃ³ giÃ¡ trá»‹ quÃ¡ lá»›nbiáº¿n â€” tÃªn vÃ nghÄ©a cá»§a má»™t sá»‘ biáº¿n trÃ¬nh baoÄ‘á»£i [id]Ä‘á»£i [pid]wait: pid %ld khÃ´ng pháº£i lÃ tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh con cá»§a trÃ¬nh bao nÃ ywait_for: KhÃ´ng cÃ³ má»¥c ghi vá» tiáº¿n trÃ¬nh %ldwait_for_job: cÃ´ng viá»‡c %d bá»‹ dá»«ng cháº¡ycáº£nh bÃ¡o :cáº£nh bÃ¡o : %s: %scáº£nh bÃ¡o: tÃ¹y chá»n Â« -C Â» cÃ³ láº½ khÃ´ng hoáº¡t Ä‘á»™ng nhÆ° mong Ä‘á»£icáº£nh bÃ¡o: tÃ¹y chá»n Â« -F Â» cÃ³ láº½ khÃ´ng hoáº¡t Ä‘á»™ng nhÆ° mong Ä‘á»£iwhile cÃ¡c_CÃ‚U_Lá»†NH; do cÃ¡c_CÃ‚U_Lá»†NH; donelá»—i ghi: %s{ cÃ¡c_CÃ‚U_Lá»†NH ; }