package File::Path; use 5.005_04; use strict; use Cwd 'getcwd'; use File::Basename (); use File::Spec (); BEGIN { if ($] < 5.006) { # can't say 'opendir my $dh, $dirname' # need to initialise $dh eval "use Symbol"; } } use Exporter (); use vars qw($VERSION @ISA @EXPORT @EXPORT_OK); $VERSION = '2.08'; @ISA = qw(Exporter); @EXPORT = qw(mkpath rmtree); @EXPORT_OK = qw(make_path remove_tree); my $Is_VMS = $^O eq 'VMS'; my $Is_MacOS = $^O eq 'MacOS'; # These OSes complain if you want to remove a file that you have no # write permission to: my $Force_Writeable = grep {$^O eq $_} qw(amigaos dos epoc MSWin32 MacOS os2); # Unix-like systems need to stat each directory in order to detect # race condition. MS-Windows is immune to this particular attack. my $Need_Stat_Check = !($^O eq 'MSWin32'); sub _carp { require Carp; goto &Carp::carp; } sub _croak { require Carp; goto &Carp::croak; } sub _error { my $arg = shift; my $message = shift; my $object = shift; if ($arg->{error}) { $object = '' unless defined $object; $message .= ": $!" if $!; push @{${$arg->{error}}}, {$object => $message}; } else { _carp(defined($object) ? "$message for $object: $!" : "$message: $!"); } } sub make_path { push @_, {} unless @_ and UNIVERSAL::isa($_[-1],'HASH'); goto &mkpath; } sub mkpath { my $old_style = !(@_ and UNIVERSAL::isa($_[-1],'HASH')); my $arg; my $paths; if ($old_style) { my ($verbose, $mode); ($paths, $verbose, $mode) = @_; $paths = [$paths] unless UNIVERSAL::isa($paths,'ARRAY'); $arg->{verbose} = $verbose; $arg->{mode} = defined $mode ? $mode : 0777; } else { $arg = pop @_; $arg->{mode} = delete $arg->{mask} if exists $arg->{mask}; $arg->{mode} = 0777 unless exists $arg->{mode}; ${$arg->{error}} = [] if exists $arg->{error}; $arg->{owner} = delete $arg->{user} if exists $arg->{user}; $arg->{owner} = delete $arg->{uid} if exists $arg->{uid}; if (exists $arg->{owner} and $arg->{owner} =~ /\D/) { my $uid = (getpwnam $arg->{owner})[2]; if (defined $uid) { $arg->{owner} = $uid; } else { _error($arg, "unable to map $arg->{owner} to a uid, ownership not changed"); delete $arg->{owner}; } } if (exists $arg->{group} and $arg->{group} =~ /\D/) { my $gid = (getgrnam $arg->{group})[2]; if (defined $gid) { $arg->{group} = $gid; } else { _error($arg, "unable to map $arg->{group} to a gid, group ownership not changed"); delete $arg->{group}; } } if (exists $arg->{owner} and not exists $arg->{group}) { $arg->{group} = -1; # chown will leave group unchanged } if (exists $arg->{group} and not exists $arg->{owner}) { $arg->{owner} = -1; # chown will leave owner unchanged } $paths = [@_]; } return _mkpath($arg, $paths); } sub _mkpath { my $arg = shift; my $paths = shift; my(@created,$path); foreach $path (@$paths) { next unless defined($path) and length($path); $path .= '/' if $^O eq 'os2' and $path =~ /^\w:\z/s; # feature of CRT # Logic wants Unix paths, so go with the flow. if ($Is_VMS) { next if $path eq '/'; $path = VMS::Filespec::unixify($path); } next if -d $path; my $parent = File::Basename::dirname($path); unless (-d $parent or $path eq $parent) { push(@created,_mkpath($arg, [$parent])); } print "mkdir $path\n" if $arg->{verbose}; if (mkdir($path,$arg->{mode})) { push(@created, $path); if (exists $arg->{owner}) { # NB: $arg->{group} guaranteed to be set during initialisation if (!chown $arg->{owner}, $arg->{group}, $path) { _error($arg, "Cannot change ownership of $path to $arg->{owner}:$arg->{group}"); } } } else { my $save_bang = $!; my ($e, $e1) = ($save_bang, $^E); $e .= "; $e1" if $e ne $e1; # allow for another process to have created it meanwhile if (!-d $path) { $! = $save_bang; if ($arg->{error}) { push @{${$arg->{error}}}, {$path => $e}; } else { _croak("mkdir $path: $e"); } } } } return @created; } sub remove_tree { push @_, {} unless @_ and UNIVERSAL::isa($_[-1],'HASH'); goto &rmtree; } sub _is_subdir { my($dir, $test) = @_; my($dv, $dd) = File::Spec->splitpath($dir, 1); my($tv, $td) = File::Spec->splitpath($test, 1); # not on same volume return 0 if $dv ne $tv; my @d = File::Spec->splitdir($dd); my @t = File::Spec->splitdir($td); # @t can't be a subdir if it's shorter than @d return 0 if @t < @d; return join('/', @d) eq join('/', splice @t, 0, +@d); } sub rmtree { my $old_style = !(@_ and UNIVERSAL::isa($_[-1],'HASH')); my $arg; my $paths; if ($old_style) { my ($verbose, $safe); ($paths, $verbose, $safe) = @_; $arg->{verbose} = $verbose; $arg->{safe} = defined $safe ? $safe : 0; if (defined($paths) and length($paths)) { $paths = [$paths] unless UNIVERSAL::isa($paths,'ARRAY'); } else { _carp ("No root path(s) specified\n"); return 0; } } else { $arg = pop @_; ${$arg->{error}} = [] if exists $arg->{error}; ${$arg->{result}} = [] if exists $arg->{result}; $paths = [@_]; } $arg->{prefix} = ''; $arg->{depth} = 0; my @clean_path; $arg->{cwd} = getcwd() or do { _error($arg, "cannot fetch initial working directory"); return 0; }; for ($arg->{cwd}) { /\A(.*)\Z/; $_ = $1 } # untaint for my $p (@$paths) { # need to fixup case and map \ to / on Windows my $ortho_root = $^O eq 'MSWin32' ? _slash_lc($p) : $p; my $ortho_cwd = $^O eq 'MSWin32' ? _slash_lc($arg->{cwd}) : $arg->{cwd}; my $ortho_root_length = length($ortho_root); $ortho_root_length-- if $^O eq 'VMS'; # don't compare '.' with ']' if ($ortho_root_length && _is_subdir($ortho_root, $ortho_cwd)) { local $! = 0; _error($arg, "cannot remove path when cwd is $arg->{cwd}", $p); next; } if ($Is_MacOS) { $p = ":$p" unless $p =~ /:/; $p .= ":" unless $p =~ /:\z/; } elsif ($^O eq 'MSWin32') { $p =~ s{[/\\]\z}{}; } else { $p =~ s{/\z}{}; } push @clean_path, $p; } @{$arg}{qw(device inode perm)} = (lstat $arg->{cwd})[0,1] or do { _error($arg, "cannot stat initial working directory", $arg->{cwd}); return 0; }; return _rmtree($arg, \@clean_path); } sub _rmtree { my $arg = shift; my $paths = shift; my $count = 0; my $curdir = File::Spec->curdir(); my $updir = File::Spec->updir(); my (@files, $root); ROOT_DIR: foreach $root (@$paths) { # since we chdir into each directory, it may not be obvious # to figure out where we are if we generate a message about # a file name. We therefore construct a semi-canonical # filename, anchored from the directory being unlinked (as # opposed to being truly canonical, anchored from the root (/). my $canon = $arg->{prefix} ? File::Spec->catfile($arg->{prefix}, $root) : $root ; my ($ldev, $lino, $perm) = (lstat $root)[0,1,2] or next ROOT_DIR; if ( -d _ ) { $root = VMS::Filespec::pathify($root) if $Is_VMS; if (!chdir($root)) { # see if we can escalate privileges to get in # (e.g. funny protection mask such as -w- instead of rwx) $perm &= 07777; my $nperm = $perm | 0700; if (!($arg->{safe} or $nperm == $perm or chmod($nperm, $root))) { _error($arg, "cannot make child directory read-write-exec", $canon); next ROOT_DIR; } elsif (!chdir($root)) { _error($arg, "cannot chdir to child", $canon); next ROOT_DIR; } } my ($cur_dev, $cur_inode, $perm) = (stat $curdir)[0,1,2] or do { _error($arg, "cannot stat current working directory", $canon); next ROOT_DIR; }; if ($Need_Stat_Check) { ($ldev eq $cur_dev and $lino eq $cur_inode) or _croak("directory $canon changed before chdir, expected dev=$ldev ino=$lino, actual dev=$cur_dev ino=$cur_inode, aborting."); } $perm &= 07777; # don't forget setuid, setgid, sticky bits my $nperm = $perm | 0700; # notabene: 0700 is for making readable in the first place, # it's also intended to change it to writable in case we have # to recurse in which case we are better than rm -rf for # subtrees with strange permissions if (!($arg->{safe} or $nperm == $perm or chmod($nperm, $curdir))) { _error($arg, "cannot make directory read+writeable", $canon); $nperm = $perm; } my $d; $d = gensym() if $] < 5.006; if (!opendir $d, $curdir) { _error($arg, "cannot opendir", $canon); @files = (); } else { no strict 'refs'; if (!defined ${"\cTAINT"} or ${"\cTAINT"}) { # Blindly untaint dir names if taint mode is # active, or any perl < 5.006 @files = map { /\A(.*)\z/s; $1 } readdir $d; } else { @files = readdir $d; } closedir $d; } if ($Is_VMS) { # Deleting large numbers of files from VMS Files-11 # filesystems is faster if done in reverse ASCIIbetical order. # include '.' to '.;' from blead patch #31775 @files = map {$_ eq '.' ? '.;' : $_} reverse @files; ($root = VMS::Filespec::unixify($root)) =~ s/\.dir\z//; } @files = grep {$_ ne $updir and $_ ne $curdir} @files; if (@files) { # remove the contained files before the directory itself my $narg = {%$arg}; @{$narg}{qw(device inode cwd prefix depth)} = ($cur_dev, $cur_inode, $updir, $canon, $arg->{depth}+1); $count += _rmtree($narg, \@files); } # restore directory permissions of required now (in case the rmdir # below fails), while we are still in the directory and may do so # without a race via '.' if ($nperm != $perm and not chmod($perm, $curdir)) { _error($arg, "cannot reset chmod", $canon); } # don't leave the client code in an unexpected directory chdir($arg->{cwd}) or _croak("cannot chdir to $arg->{cwd} from $canon: $!, aborting."); # ensure that a chdir upwards didn't take us somewhere other # than we expected (see CVE-2002-0435) ($cur_dev, $cur_inode) = (stat $curdir)[0,1] or _croak("cannot stat prior working directory $arg->{cwd}: $!, aborting."); if ($Need_Stat_Check) { ($arg->{device} eq $cur_dev and $arg->{inode} eq $cur_inode) or _croak("previous directory $arg->{cwd} changed before entering $canon, expected dev=$ldev ino=$lino, actual dev=$cur_dev ino=$cur_inode, aborting."); } if ($arg->{depth} or !$arg->{keep_root}) { if ($arg->{safe} && ($Is_VMS ? !&VMS::Filespec::candelete($root) : !-w $root)) { print "skipped $root\n" if $arg->{verbose}; next ROOT_DIR; } if ($Force_Writeable and !chmod $perm | 0700, $root) { _error($arg, "cannot make directory writeable", $canon); } print "rmdir $root\n" if $arg->{verbose}; if (rmdir $root) { push @{${$arg->{result}}}, $root if $arg->{result}; ++$count; } else { _error($arg, "cannot remove directory", $canon); if ($Force_Writeable && !chmod($perm, ($Is_VMS ? VMS::Filespec::fileify($root) : $root)) ) { _error($arg, sprintf("cannot restore permissions to 0%o",$perm), $canon); } } } } else { # not a directory $root = VMS::Filespec::vmsify("./$root") if $Is_VMS && !File::Spec->file_name_is_absolute($root) && ($root !~ m/(?]+/); # not already in VMS syntax if ($arg->{safe} && ($Is_VMS ? !&VMS::Filespec::candelete($root) : !(-l $root || -w $root))) { print "skipped $root\n" if $arg->{verbose}; next ROOT_DIR; } my $nperm = $perm & 07777 | 0600; if ($Force_Writeable and $nperm != $perm and not chmod $nperm, $root) { _error($arg, "cannot make file writeable", $canon); } print "unlink $canon\n" if $arg->{verbose}; # delete all versions under VMS for (;;) { if (unlink $root) { push @{${$arg->{result}}}, $root if $arg->{result}; } else { _error($arg, "cannot unlink file", $canon); $Force_Writeable and chmod($perm, $root) or _error($arg, sprintf("cannot restore permissions to 0%o",$perm), $canon); last; } ++$count; last unless $Is_VMS && lstat $root; } } } return $count; } sub _slash_lc { # fix up slashes and case on MSWin32 so that we can determine that # c:\path\to\dir is underneath C:/Path/To my $path = shift; $path =~ tr{\\}{/}; return lc($path); } 1; __END__ =head1 NAME File::Path - Create or remove directory trees =head1 VERSION This document describes version 2.08 of File::Path, released 2009-10-04. =head1 SYNOPSIS use File::Path qw(make_path remove_tree); make_path('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang'); make_path('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang', { verbose => 1, mode => 0711, }); remove_tree('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang'); remove_tree('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang', { verbose => 1, error => \my $err_list, }); # legacy (interface promoted before v2.00) mkpath('/foo/bar/baz'); mkpath('/foo/bar/baz', 1, 0711); mkpath(['/foo/bar/baz', 'blurfl/quux'], 1, 0711); rmtree('foo/bar/baz', 1, 1); rmtree(['foo/bar/baz', 'blurfl/quux'], 1, 1); # legacy (interface promoted before v2.06) mkpath('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang', { verbose => 1, mode => 0711 }); rmtree('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang', { verbose => 1, mode => 0711 }); =head1 DESCRIPTION This module provide a convenient way to create directories of arbitrary depth and to delete an entire directory subtree from the filesystem. The following functions are provided: =over =item make_path( $dir1, $dir2, .... ) =item make_path( $dir1, $dir2, ...., \%opts ) The C function creates the given directories if they don't exists before, much like the Unix command C. The function accepts a list of directories to be created. Its behaviour may be tuned by an optional hashref appearing as the last parameter on the call. The function returns the list of directories actually created during the call; in scalar context the number of directories created. The following keys are recognised in the option hash: =over =item mode => $num The numeric permissions mode to apply to each created directory (defaults to 0777), to be modified by the current C. If the directory already exists (and thus does not need to be created), the permissions will not be modified. C is recognised as an alias for this parameter. =item verbose => $bool If present, will cause C to print the name of each directory as it is created. By default nothing is printed. =item error => \$err If present, it should be a reference to a scalar. This scalar will be made to reference an array, which will be used to store any errors that are encountered. See the L section for more information. If this parameter is not used, certain error conditions may raise a fatal error that will cause the program will halt, unless trapped in an C block. =item owner => $owner =item user => $owner =item uid => $owner If present, will cause any created directory to be owned by C<$owner>. If the value is numeric, it will be interpreted as a uid, otherwise as username is assumed. An error will be issued if the username cannot be mapped to a uid, or the uid does not exist, or the process lacks the privileges to change ownership. Ownwership of directories that already exist will not be changed. C and C are aliases of C. =item group => $group If present, will cause any created directory to be owned by the group C<$group>. If the value is numeric, it will be interpreted as a gid, otherwise as group name is assumed. An error will be issued if the group name cannot be mapped to a gid, or the gid does not exist, or the process lacks the privileges to change group ownership. Group ownwership of directories that already exist will not be changed. make_path '/var/tmp/webcache', {owner=>'nobody', group=>'nogroup'}; =back =item mkpath( $dir ) =item mkpath( $dir, $verbose, $mode ) =item mkpath( [$dir1, $dir2,...], $verbose, $mode ) =item mkpath( $dir1, $dir2,..., \%opt ) The mkpath() function provide the legacy interface of make_path() with a different interpretation of the arguments passed. The behaviour and return value of the function is otherwise identical to make_path(). =item remove_tree( $dir1, $dir2, .... ) =item remove_tree( $dir1, $dir2, ...., \%opts ) The C function deletes the given directories and any files and subdirectories they might contain, much like the Unix command C or C on Windows. The function accepts a list of directories to be removed. Its behaviour may be tuned by an optional hashref appearing as the last parameter on the call. The functions returns the number of files successfully deleted. The following keys are recognised in the option hash: =over =item verbose => $bool If present, will cause C to print the name of each file as it is unlinked. By default nothing is printed. =item safe => $bool When set to a true value, will cause C to skip the files for which the process lacks the required privileges needed to delete files, such as delete privileges on VMS. In other words, the code will make no attempt to alter file permissions. Thus, if the process is interrupted, no filesystem object will be left in a more permissive mode. =item keep_root => $bool When set to a true value, will cause all files and subdirectories to be removed, except the initially specified directories. This comes in handy when cleaning out an application's scratch directory. remove_tree( '/tmp', {keep_root => 1} ); =item result => \$res If present, it should be a reference to a scalar. This scalar will be made to reference an array, which will be used to store all files and directories unlinked during the call. If nothing is unlinked, the array will be empty. remove_tree( '/tmp', {result => \my $list} ); print "unlinked $_\n" for @$list; This is a useful alternative to the C key. =item error => \$err If present, it should be a reference to a scalar. This scalar will be made to reference an array, which will be used to store any errors that are encountered. See the L section for more information. Removing things is a much more dangerous proposition than creating things. As such, there are certain conditions that C may encounter that are so dangerous that the only sane action left is to kill the program. Use C to trap all that is reasonable (problems with permissions and the like), and let it die if things get out of hand. This is the safest course of action. =back =item rmtree( $dir ) =item rmtree( $dir, $verbose, $safe ) =item rmtree( [$dir1, $dir2,...], $verbose, $safe ) =item rmtree( $dir1, $dir2,..., \%opt ) The rmtree() function provide the legacy interface of remove_tree() with a different interpretation of the arguments passed. The behaviour and return value of the function is otherwise identical to remove_tree(). =back =head2 ERROR HANDLING =over 4 =item B The following error handling mechanism is considered experimental and is subject to change pending feedback from users. =back If C or C encounter an error, a diagnostic message will be printed to C via C (for non-fatal errors), or via C (for fatal errors). If this behaviour is not desirable, the C attribute may be used to hold a reference to a variable, which will be used to store the diagnostics. The variable is made a reference to an array of hash references. Each hash contain a single key/value pair where the key is the name of the file, and the value is the error message (including the contents of C<$!> when appropriate). If a general error is encountered the diagnostic key will be empty. An example usage looks like: remove_tree( 'foo/bar', 'bar/rat', {error => \my $err} ); if (@$err) { for my $diag (@$err) { my ($file, $message) = %$diag; if ($file eq '') { print "general error: $message\n"; } else { print "problem unlinking $file: $message\n"; } } } else { print "No error encountered\n"; } Note that if no errors are encountered, C<$err> will reference an empty array. This means that C<$err> will always end up TRUE; so you need to test C<@$err> to determine if errors occured. =head2 NOTES C blindly exports C and C into the current namespace. These days, this is considered bad style, but to change it now would break too much code. Nonetheless, you are invited to specify what it is you are expecting to use: use File::Path 'rmtree'; The routines C and C are B exported by default. You must specify which ones you want to use. use File::Path 'remove_tree'; Note that a side-effect of the above is that C and C are no longer exported at all. This is due to the way the C module works. If you are migrating a codebase to use the new interface, you will have to list everything explicitly. But that's just good practice anyway. use File::Path qw(remove_tree rmtree); =head3 API CHANGES The API was changed in the 2.0 branch. For a time, C and C tried, unsuccessfully, to deal with the two different calling mechanisms. This approach was considered a failure. The new semantics are now only available with C and C. The old semantics are only available through C and C. Users are strongly encouraged to upgrade to at least 2.08 in order to avoid surprises. =head3 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS There were race conditions 1.x implementations of File::Path's C function (although sometimes patched depending on the OS distribution or platform). The 2.0 version contains code to avoid the problem mentioned in CVE-2002-0435. See the following pages for more information: http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=286905 http://www.nntp.perl.org/group/perl.perl5.porters/2005/01/msg97623.html http://www.debian.org/security/2005/dsa-696 Additionally, unless the C parameter is set (or the third parameter in the traditional interface is TRUE), should a C be interrupted, files that were originally in read-only mode may now have their permissions set to a read-write (or "delete OK") mode. =head1 DIAGNOSTICS FATAL errors will cause the program to halt (C), since the problem is so severe that it would be dangerous to continue. (This can always be trapped with C, but it's not a good idea. Under the circumstances, dying is the best thing to do). SEVERE errors may be trapped using the modern interface. If the they are not trapped, or the old interface is used, such an error will cause the program will halt. All other errors may be trapped using the modern interface, otherwise they will be Ced about. Program execution will not be halted. =over 4 =item mkdir [path]: [errmsg] (SEVERE) C was unable to create the path. Probably some sort of permissions error at the point of departure, or insufficient resources (such as free inodes on Unix). =item No root path(s) specified C was not given any paths to create. This message is only emitted if the routine is called with the traditional interface. The modern interface will remain silent if given nothing to do. =item No such file or directory On Windows, if C gives you this warning, it may mean that you have exceeded your filesystem's maximum path length. =item cannot fetch initial working directory: [errmsg] C attempted to determine the initial directory by calling C, but the call failed for some reason. No attempt will be made to delete anything. =item cannot stat initial working directory: [errmsg] C attempted to stat the initial directory (after having successfully obtained its name via C), however, the call failed for some reason. No attempt will be made to delete anything. =item cannot chdir to [dir]: [errmsg] C attempted to set the working directory in order to begin deleting the objects therein, but was unsuccessful. This is usually a permissions issue. The routine will continue to delete other things, but this directory will be left intact. =item directory [dir] changed before chdir, expected dev=[n] ino=[n], actual dev=[n] ino=[n], aborting. (FATAL) C recorded the device and inode of a directory, and then moved into it. It then performed a C on the current directory and detected that the device and inode were no longer the same. As this is at the heart of the race condition problem, the program will die at this point. =item cannot make directory [dir] read+writeable: [errmsg] C attempted to change the permissions on the current directory to ensure that subsequent unlinkings would not run into problems, but was unable to do so. The permissions remain as they were, and the program will carry on, doing the best it can. =item cannot read [dir]: [errmsg] C tried to read the contents of the directory in order to acquire the names of the directory entries to be unlinked, but was unsuccessful. This is usually a permissions issue. The program will continue, but the files in this directory will remain after the call. =item cannot reset chmod [dir]: [errmsg] C, after having deleted everything in a directory, attempted to restore its permissions to the original state but failed. The directory may wind up being left behind. =item cannot remove [dir] when cwd is [dir] The current working directory of the program is F and you are attempting to remove an ancestor, such as F. The directory tree is left untouched. The solution is to C out of the child directory to a place outside the directory tree to be removed. =item cannot chdir to [parent-dir] from [child-dir]: [errmsg], aborting. (FATAL) C, after having deleted everything and restored the permissions of a directory, was unable to chdir back to the parent. The program halts to avoid a race condition from occurring. =item cannot stat prior working directory [dir]: [errmsg], aborting. (FATAL) C was unable to stat the parent directory after have returned from the child. Since there is no way of knowing if we returned to where we think we should be (by comparing device and inode) the only way out is to C. =item previous directory [parent-dir] changed before entering [child-dir], expected dev=[n] ino=[n], actual dev=[n] ino=[n], aborting. (FATAL) When C returned from deleting files in a child directory, a check revealed that the parent directory it returned to wasn't the one it started out from. This is considered a sign of malicious activity. =item cannot make directory [dir] writeable: [errmsg] Just before removing a directory (after having successfully removed everything it contained), C attempted to set the permissions on the directory to ensure it could be removed and failed. Program execution continues, but the directory may possibly not be deleted. =item cannot remove directory [dir]: [errmsg] C attempted to remove a directory, but failed. This may because some objects that were unable to be removed remain in the directory, or a permissions issue. The directory will be left behind. =item cannot restore permissions of [dir] to [0nnn]: [errmsg] After having failed to remove a directory, C was unable to restore its permissions from a permissive state back to a possibly more restrictive setting. (Permissions given in octal). =item cannot make file [file] writeable: [errmsg] C attempted to force the permissions of a file to ensure it could be deleted, but failed to do so. It will, however, still attempt to unlink the file. =item cannot unlink file [file]: [errmsg] C failed to remove a file. Probably a permissions issue. =item cannot restore permissions of [file] to [0nnn]: [errmsg] After having failed to remove a file, C was also unable to restore the permissions on the file to a possibly less permissive setting. (Permissions given in octal). =item unable to map [owner] to a uid, ownership not changed"); C was instructed to give the ownership of created directories to the symbolic name [owner], but C did not return the corresponding numeric uid. The directory will be created, but ownership will not be changed. =item unable to map [group] to a gid, group ownership not changed C was instructed to give the group ownership of created directories to the symbolic name [group], but C did not return the corresponding numeric gid. The directory will be created, but group ownership will not be changed. =back =head1 SEE ALSO =over 4 =item * L Allows files and directories to be moved to the Trashcan/Recycle Bin (where they may later be restored if necessary) if the operating system supports such functionality. This feature may one day be made available directly in C. =item * L When removing directory trees, if you want to examine each file to decide whether to delete it (and possibly leaving large swathes alone), F offers a convenient and flexible approach to examining directory trees. =back =head1 BUGS Please report all bugs on the RT queue: L =head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Paul Szabo identified the race condition originally, and Brendan O'Dea wrote an implementation for Debian that addressed the problem. That code was used as a basis for the current code. Their efforts are greatly appreciated. Gisle Aas made a number of improvements to the documentation for 2.07 and his advice and assistance is also greatly appreciated. =head1 AUTHORS Tim Bunce and Charles Bailey. Currently maintained by David Landgren >. =head1 COPYRIGHT This module is copyright (C) Charles Bailey, Tim Bunce and David Landgren 1995-2009. All rights reserved. =head1 LICENSE This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. =cut